Physics Various examples of physical phenomena Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy.[8] Over the last two millennia, physics was a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry, certain branches of mathematics, and biology, but during the Scientific Revolution in the 17th century, the natural sciences emerged as unique research programs in their own right.[b] Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs. History Ancient astronomy Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences. Natural philosophy Classical physics Physics became a separate science when early modern Europeans used experimental and quantitative methods to discover what are now considered to be the laws of physics.[15] Philosophy
Cell biology Understanding cells in terms of their molecular components. Knowing the components of cells and how cells work is fundamental to all biological sciences. Appreciating the similarities and differences between cell types is particularly important to the fields of cell and molecular biology as well as to biomedical fields such as cancer research and developmental biology. These fundamental similarities and differences provide a unifying theme, sometimes allowing the principles learned from studying one cell type to be extrapolated and generalized to other cell types. Therefore, research in cell biology is closely related to genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology, and developmental biology. Processes[edit] Movement of proteins[edit] Endothelial cells under the microscope. Each type of protein is usually sent to a particular part of the cell. Other cellular processes[edit] Internal cellular structures[edit] Techniques used to study cells[edit] Notable cell biologists[edit]
The Programming Historian 2 Editor’s Note This lesson requires you to use the command line. If you have no previous experience using the command line you may find it helpful to work through the Programming Historian Bash Command Line lesson. Lesson Goals In this lesson you will first learn what topic modeling is and why you might want to employ it in your research. Please see the MALLET users’ discussion list for the full range of things one can do with the software. (We would like to thank Robert Nelson and Elijah Meeks for hints and tips in getting MALLET to run for us the first time, and for their examples of what can be done with this tool.) What is Topic Modeling And For Whom is this Useful? A topic modeling tool takes a single text (or corpus) and looks for patterns in the use of words; it is an attempt to inject semantic meaning into vocabulary. Topic models represent a family of computer programs that extract topics from texts. Examples of topic models employed by historians: Installing MALLET Mac Instructions .
Free Online Biochemistry Course and Class Overviews Several prominent colleges and universities offer free biochemistry courses online. The courses are the same as the ones taken on campus, with the exception that a student does not earn college credit for coursework. Some colleges provide OpenCourseWare (OCW) programs to online students. The courses cost nothing and are the school's way to pay back the community that supports them. Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT's online biochemistry laboratory course is offered through the chemistry department. There are six 1-hour lecture sessions and two 4-hour lab sessions. University of Arizona The Biology Project is offered through the University of Arizona's Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics. The biochemistry program covers an array of science fields, including chemistry, metabolic acidosis and alkalosis, large molecules, acids, bases and amino acids. University of Akron Show me popular schools
Catalytic Gold Nanoclusters Promise Rich Chemical Yields | ornl.gov Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Carnegie Mellon scientists make stable, active catalysts The reaction mechanism of carbon monoxide oxidation is shown over intact and partially ligand-removed gold nanoclusters supported on cerium oxide rods. Image credit: Wu, Z.; Jiang, D.; Mann, A.; Mullins, D.; Qiao, Z.-A.; Allard, L.; Zeng, C.; Jin, R.; Overbury, S. Thiolate Ligands as a Double-Edged Sword for CO Oxidation on CeO2-Supported Au25(SCH2CH2Ph)18 Nanoclusters. Old thinking was that gold, while good for jewelry, was not of much use for chemists because it is relatively nonreactive. But before gold nanoparticles can be useful to consumers, researchers have to make them both stable and active. “The ligands are double-edged swords,” said study leader Zili Wu of ORNL, whose investigation was conducted in ORNL’s catalysis group, which is led by Steve Overbury. Activating gold When the gold clusters are heated, the ligands start to come off and gold’s catalytic activity increases.
Ecology Ecology is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. The word "ecology" ("Ökologie") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Ecology is a human science as well. Integrative levels, scope, and scale of organization[edit] Hierarchical ecology[edit] System behaviors must first be arrayed into different levels of organization. O'Neill et al. (1986)[5]:76 The scale of ecological dynamics can operate like a closed system, such as aphids migrating on a single tree, while at the same time remain open with regard to broader scale influences, such as atmosphere or climate. Biodiversity[edit] Biodiversity refers to the variety of life and its processes. Noss & Carpenter (1994)[9]:5 Habitat[edit] Additionally, some species are ecosystem engineers, altering the environment within a localized region. Niche[edit]
Chemical reaction A thermite reaction using iron(III) oxide. The sparks flying outwards are globules of molten iron trailing smoke in their wake. A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another.[1] Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the positions of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds between atoms, with no change to the nuclei (no change to the elements present), and can often be described by a chemical equation. Nuclear chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry that involves the chemical reactions of unstable and radioactive elements where both electronic and nuclear changes may both occur. Chemical reactions happen at a characteristic reaction rate at a given temperature and chemical concentration, and rapid reactions are often described as spontaneous, requiring no input of extra energy other than thermal energy. History Equations Dissociation of a molecule AB into fragments A and B
Quantum mechanics lets you image an object with photons that never hit it One item on the long list of strange facts about quantum mechanics is that the mere possibility of something happening is often just as good as it actually happening. For example, the fact that a photon could potentially travel down a given path can be enough to create an interference pattern that requires the photon to take that path. Something similar is true regarding a phenomenon called quantum interference. Interference is the ability of two waves, such as photons, to interact either additively or destructively. The device the team set up would create a pair of entangled photons and send one to the target to be imaged. If the photon struck the non-transparent area, it was absorbed. To ensure this was the case, the authors set the experiment up so that the photons that went through the transparency had a wavelength that the detector was incapable of detecting—and then imaged the object using the wavelength of the entangled photons.
Organism Life is a characteristic distinguishing objects having signaling and self-sustaining processes from those that do not,[1][2] either because such functions have ceased (death), or because they lack such functions and are classified as inanimate.[3][4] Biology is science concerned with the study of life. Though life is confirmed only on the Earth, many think that extraterrestrial life is not only plausible, but probable or inevitable.[15][16] Other planets and moons in the Solar System have been examined for evidence of having once supported simple life, and projects such as SETI have attempted to detect radio transmissions from possible alien civilizations. According to the panspermia hypothesis, microscopic life exists throughout the Universe, and is distributed by meteoroids, asteroids and planetoids.[17] Early theories Materialism Herds of zebra and impala gathering on the Maasai Mara plain Democritus (460 BC) thought that the essential characteristic of life is having a soul (psyche).
Downloading MALLET Current release: The following packaged release of MALLET 2.0 is available: Windows installation: After unzipping MALLET, set the environment variable %MALLET_HOME% to point to the MALLET directory. In all command line examples, substitute bin\mallet for bin/mallet. Development release: To download the most current version of MALLET 2.0, use our public Mercurial repository. After installing the Mercurial distributed version control system, use the command hg clone from the command prompt to get the Mallet package. To build a Mallet 2.0 development release, you must have the Apache ant build tool installed. ant If ant finishes with "BUILD SUCCESSFUL", Mallet is now ready to use. If you would like to deploy Mallet as part of a larger application, it is helpful to create a single ".jar" file that contains all of the compiled code. ant jar This process will create a file "mallet.jar" in the "dist" directory within Mallet.
When Wildlife Documentaries Jump The Shark Mike Rowe scubas in protective underwater gear as he hosts an episode of Discovery Channel's "Shark Week." Critics say sensationalized wildlife documentaries, like some of those broadcast during Shark Week, do more harm than good. Claudia Pellarini/AP hide caption itoggle caption Claudia Pellarini/AP Mike Rowe scubas in protective underwater gear as he hosts an episode of Discovery Channel's "Shark Week." Claudia Pellarini/AP This summer's Shark Week on the Discovery Channel was the highest-rated in the special's 27-year history. The network has been criticized for pushing entertainment at the cost of science, with "documentaries" that advance dubious theories — or are entirely fake. Animal Planet — which is owned by Discovery Communications — has even run fake documentaries on mermaids. A Caveat Buried In The Credits The line between authentic documentaries and so-called "docufiction" can be blurry. He tells NPR's Arun Rath that it's surprisingly easy to slip into misleading portrayals.
Biology History The objects of our research will be the different forms and manifestations of life, the conditions and laws under which these phenomena occur, and the causes through which they have been effected. The science that concerns itself with these objects we will indicate by the name biology [Biologie] or the doctrine of life [Lebenslehre]. Although modern biology is a relatively recent development, sciences related to and included within it have been studied since ancient times. Natural philosophy was studied as early as the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indian subcontinent, and China. However, the origins of modern biology and its approach to the study of nature are most often traced back to ancient Greece.[6] While the formal study of medicine dates back to Hippocrates (ca. 460 BC – ca. 370 BC), it was Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC) who contributed most extensively to the development of biology. Foundations of modern biology Cell theory Main article: Cell theory Genetics