Stigler's law of eponymy Stigler's law of eponymy is a process proposed by University of Chicago statistics professor Stephen Stigler in his 1980 publication "Stigler’s law of eponymy".[1] In its simplest and strongest form it says: "No scientific discovery is named after its original discoverer." Stigler named the sociologist Robert K. Merton as the discoverer of "Stigler's law", consciously making "Stigler's law" exemplify itself. Derivation[edit] Historical acclaim for discoveries is often allotted to persons of note who bring attention to an idea that is not yet widely known, whether or not that person was its original inventor – theories may be named long after their discovery. Similar concepts[edit] Stephen Stigler's father, the economist George Stigler, also examined the process of discovery in economics. Boyer's Law was named by Hubert Kennedy in 1972. "Everything of importance has been said before by somebody who did not discover it" is an adage attributed to Alfred North Whitehead.[5] See also[edit]
Cult A cult is a religious group or other organization with deviant and novel beliefs and practices.[1] However, whether any particular group's beliefs and practices are sufficiently deviant or novel enough is often unclear, and thus establishing a precise definition of cults based on these criteria is problematic.[2][3] The English word often carries derogatory connotations[4][5] and is used selectively by proponents of "mind control" theory.[6] Beginning in the 1930s cults became the object of sociological study in the context of the study of religious behavior.[7] Certain groups have been defined as "cults" and criticized and opposed by the Christian countercult movement for their unorthodox beliefs; and since the 1970s by the secular anti-cult movement, partly motivated in reaction acts of violence and other crimes committed by members of some groups. Some of the anti-cult claims have been disputed by other scholars, leading to further controversies. Origins of concept[edit] Howard P.
Brain Parts - Learn More About Your Different Brain Parts What are the different parts of our brain? The human brain is one of the most complex organs in our body. It is made up of diverse parts or structures that carry-out different functions and work together using thousands of connections that connect the brain to the rest of the body. Below, we will give you a description of the brain's structure, its different parts, and how each part works. The Central Nervous System is made up of of the encehpalon and the spinal cord. The encephalon is the central part of the CNS that is enclosed and protected by the skill. We could say that the human encephalon is divided into three "brains" depending on phylogenetic development: THE HINDBRAIN: It is the oldest and least evolved structure in vertebrates. The medulla oblongata: It helps control our automatic functions, like breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, digestion, etc. THE MIDBRAIN: It is the structure that joins the posterior and anterior brain, driving motor and sensory impulses.
Social contract In moral and political philosophy, the social contract or political contract is a theory or model, originating during the Age of Enlightenment, that typically addresses the questions of the origin of society and the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual.[1] Social contract arguments typically posit that individuals have consented, either explicitly or tacitly, to surrender some of their freedoms and submit to the authority of the ruler or magistrate (or to the decision of a majority), in exchange for protection of their remaining rights. The question of the relation between natural and legal rights, therefore, is often an aspect of social contract theory. The Social Contract (Du contrat social ou Principes du droit politique) is also the title of a 1762 book by Jean-Jacques Rousseau on this topic. Overview[edit] Thomas Hobbes famously said that in a "state of nature" human life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short". History[edit] 31.
Mindset A mindset can also be seen as incident of a person's Weltanschauung or philosophy of life. For example there has been quite some interest in the typical mindset of an entrepreneur. Mindsets in politics[edit] A well-known[by whom?] Modern military theory attempts to challenge entrenched mindsets in dealing with asymmetric warfare, terrorism, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Collective mindsets[edit] Naturally, the question regarding the embodiment of a collective mindset comes to mind. There is a double relation between the institution embodying for example an entrepreneurial mindset and its entrepreneurial performance. Collective mindsets in this sense are described in such works as Hutchin's "Cognition in the wild" (1995), who analyzes a whole team of naval navigators as the cognitive unit or as computational system, or Senges' Knowledge entrepreneurship in universities (2007). Fixed mindset and growth mindset[edit] Productive mindset and defensive mindset[edit]
Motivation Motivation has been shown to have roots in physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and social areas. Motivation may be rooted in a basic impulse to optimize well-being, minimize physical pain and maximize pleasure. It can also originate from specific physical needs such as eating, sleeping or resting, and sex. Motivation is an inner drive to behave or act in a certain manner. Types of theories and models[edit] Motivational theories[edit] A class of theories about why people do things seeks to reduce the number of factors down to one and explain all behaviour through that one factor. Conscious and unconscious motivations[edit] A number of motivational theories emphasize the distinction between conscious and unconscious motivations. Freud is associated with the idea that human beings have many unconscious motivations that cause them to make important decisions because of these unconscious forces, such as choosing a partner. Psychological theories and models[edit] Rational motivations[edit]
World Heritage Centre - World Heritage List #: As for 19 Natural and Mixed Properties inscribed for geological values before 1994, criteria numbering of this property has changed. See Decision 30.COM 8D.1 Fudōshin Fudōshin (Japanese: 不動心) is a state of equanimity or imperturbability (literally and metaphorically, "immovable mind",[1] "immovable heart"[2] or "unmoving heart"). It is a philosophical or mental dimension to Japanese martial arts which contributes to the effectiveness of the advanced practitioner. Fudo myōō is found in Shingon Buddhism as a guardian deity, (and patron of martial arts) who is portrayed as carrying a sword in his right hand (to cut through delusions and ignorance) and a rope in his left (to bind "evil forces" and violent or uncontrolled passions and emotions). Despite a fearsome appearance, his attributes of benevolence and servitude to living beings are symbolized by a hairstyle associated with the servant class. See also[edit] References[edit]
Reading Shakespeare and Wordsworth can boost your morale- Authors London: Reading writers like Shakespeare and Wordsworth can give a 'rocket-boost' to your morale and provide better therapy than self-help books, a study of the human brain has found. Researchers at the University of Liverpool found that serious literature catches the reader's attention and triggers moments of self-reflection. Using scanners, scientists monitored the brain activity of volunteers as they read pieces of classical English literature both in their original form and in a more dumbed-down, modern translation, the 'Daily Mail' reported. Reading writers like Shakespeare and Wordsworth can provide better therapy than self-help books. The experiments showed that more 'challenging' prose and poetry set off far more electrical activity in the brain than the pedestrian versions. The academics were able to study the brain activity as readers responded to each word, and noticed how it 'lit up' as they encountered unusual words, surprising phrases or difficult sentence structure.