Aegean Sea The Aegean Sea (/ɨˈdʒiːən/; Greek: Αιγαίο Πέλαγος [eˈʝeo ˈpelaɣos] ( ); Turkish: Ege Denizi or Adalar Denizi[2]) is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the Greek and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey. In the north, it is connected to the Marmara Sea and Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus. The sea was traditionally known as Archipelago (in Greek, Αρχιπέλαγος, meaning "chief sea"), but in English this word's meaning has changed to refer to the Aegean Islands and, generally, to any island group. Etymology[edit] A possible etymology is a derivation from the Greek word αἶγες – aiges = "waves" (Hesychius of Alexandria; metaphorical use of αἴξ (aix) "goat"), hence "wavy sea", cf. also αἰγιαλός (aigialos = aiges (waves) + hals (sea)),[3] hence meaning "sea-shore". In some South Slavic languages the Aegean is often called White Sea (Бело море, Belo more in Serbian and Macedonian and Бяло море Byalo more in Bulgarian).[4]
Dunnage Dunnage is an inexpensive or waste material used to load and secure cargo during transportation, or support jacks, pipes, air conditioning and other equipment above the roof of a building. International Laws[edit] Construction[edit] In construction, dunnage is often scrap wood or disposable material manufactured for the purpose which is placed on the ground to raise construction materials to allow access for forklifts and slings for hoisting, and to protect it from the elements. Term “dunnage” is also widely used in construction when referred to the structural elements, supporting various mechanical equipment installed on the roof such as HVAC roof top units, condensers, emergency generators, cooling and chilling towers etc. Dunnage bags[edit] Stabilizing capabilities of dunnage bags in container Application of dunnage bags in container Dunnage bags are air-filled pouches that can be used to stabilize, secure and protect cargo during transportation. Ships[edit] Shipbuilding[edit] Dunnage
McClung Museum - Egyptian Scarabs By far the most important amulet in ancient Egypt was the scarab, symbolically as sacred to the Egyptians as the cross is to Christians. Scarabs were already known in the Old Kingdom, and in the First Intermediate Period the undersides were decorated. They were probably sacred in the Prehistoric Period and had a role in the early worship of animals, judging from the actual beetles that were found stored in jars buried with the deceased and from those found in graves during the time of King Den of Dynasty I. A scaraboid-shaped alabaster box from Tarkhan seems to confirm that the scarab was already venerated at the beginning of Dynasty I. Among the kinds of scarabs are: ornamental scarabs, heart scarabs, winged scarabs, scarabs with the name of a king or queen, marriage scarabs, lion hunt scarabs, commemorative scarabs, scarabs with good wishes and mottos, scarabs with symbols of unknown meaning, and scarabs decorated with figures and animals. The lock and key was unknown in Egypt.
Oxhide ingot Protector of the ingot, bronze, Enkomi, Cyprus Oxhide ingots are metal slabs, usually of copper but sometimes of tin, produced and widely distributed during the Mediterranean Late Bronze Age (LBA). Their shape resembles the hide of an ox with a protruding handle in each of the ingot’s four corners. Early thought was that each ingot was equivalent to the value of one ox.[1] However, the similarity in shape is simply a coincidence. Context[edit] The appearance of oxhide ingots in the archaeological record corresponds with the beginning of the bulk copper trade in the Mediterranean—approximately 1600 BC.[4] The earliest oxhide ingots found come from Crete and date to the Late Minoan IB.[5] The latest oxhide ingots were found on Sardinia and date to approximately 1000 BC.[6] The copper trade was largely maritime: the principal sites where oxhide ingots are found are at sea, on the coast, and on islands.[7] Purposes[edit] It is uncertain whether the oxhide ingots served as a form of currency.
Troodos Mountains Geology of Troodos[edit] Picture of a campsite in Troodos in 1900 The Troodos mountains are known worldwide for their geology and the presence of undisturbed specimens of ophiolite, the Troodos Ophiolite. These mountains slowly rose from the sea due to the collision of the African and European tectonic plates, a process that eventually formed the island of Cyprus. Climate[edit] Churches[edit] Chapel of the Saint Mary near Klirou village Panagia Forviothissa in Asinou village The region is known for its many Byzantine churches and monasteries, richly decorated with murals, of which the Kykkos monastery is the richest and most famous. Stavros tou AyiasmatiPanayia tou ArakaTimiou Stavrou at PelendriAyios Nikolaos tis StegisPanayia PodithouAssinouAyios loannis Lampadistis at KalopanayiotisPanayia tou MoutoulaArchangel Michael at PedoulasTransfiguration of the Saviour Palaichori Villages of Troodos (selection)[edit] Gallery[edit] See also[edit] Geography of Cyprus References[edit] External links[edit]
History of Minoan Crete Geography and Economy of Crete The island of Crete is located in the center of the eastern Mediterranean at the crossroads of Africa, Asia, and Europe. It measures about 200 Km from east to west, and between 12 to 58 Km from north to south at its narrowest and widest distances, making it one of the largest islands in the Mediterranean sea. Crete's largest modern town is Heraklion (35° 20' latitude, 25° 08' longitude) and its landscape oscillates between tall, rugged mountains, gentle slopes, and plateaus, which are framed by the Aegean coast line to the North, and the Lybian Sea to the south. The temperate climate of Crete with its short, mild winters and its dry, warm summers, along with the fertility of the Cretan plains produces sufficient food supplies to support an affluent local population, and for exports. Besides timber Crete exported food, cypress wood, wine, currants, olive oil, wool, cloth, herbs, and purple dye. Habitation and Chronology of Crete Sub-Minoan Crete (1150-1100 BC)
History of the ancient Levant The Levant is a geographical term that refers to a large area in Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, the Arabian Desert in the south, and Mesopotamia in the east. It stretches 400 miles north to south from the Taurus Mountains to the Sinai desert, and 70 to 100 miles east to west between the sea and the Arabian desert.[1] The term is also sometimes used to refer to modern events or states in the region immediately bordering the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Cyprus, Palestinian territories, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, and Syria. The term normally does not include Anatolia (although at times Cilicia may be included), the Caucasus Mountains, Mesopotamia or any part of the Arabian Peninsula proper. The Sinai Peninsula is sometimes included, though it is more considered an intermediate, peripheral or marginal area forming a land bridge between the Levant and northern Egypt. Stone Age[edit] Bronze Age[edit] Iron Age[edit] Classical empires[edit]
Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization of Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. It is one of six civilizations globally to arise independently. Egyptian civilization coalesced around 3150 BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology)[1] with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh.[2] The history of ancient Egypt occurred in a series of stable Kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods: the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age. History Map of ancient Egypt, showing major cities and sites of the Dynastic period (c. 3150 BC to 30 BC) Predynastic period A typical Naqada II jar decorated with gazelles. In Predynastic and Early Dynastic times, the Egyptian climate was much less arid than it is today. Early Dynastic Period (c. 3050 –2686 BC)
Depth sounding Depth sounding refers to the act of measuring depth; it is often referred to simply as sounding. Sounding is finding the depth of a given point in a body of water. Data taken from soundings are used in bathymetry to make maps of the floor of a body of water,[1] and were traditionally shown on nautical charts in fathoms and feet. Terminology[edit] "Sounding" derives from the Old English sund, meaning swimming, water, sea; it is not related to the word sound in the sense of noise or tones.[2] Sounding[edit] Sounding lines aboard a frigate of the 19th century. Sounding was originally done by hand with sounding poles or a weighted sounding line when measuring greater depths. Soundings were also taken to establish position, a navigation function then, rather than for safety alone. Sounding lines were widely used in navigation until the development of echo sounding. See also[edit] References[edit] External links[edit] The Lead Line -- Construction and use (retrieved Sept 2006).
Mortise and tenon Diagram of a mortise (on left) and tenon joint Through-wedged tenons used on a French granary. 1) Through tenon and 2) mortise as a shouldered joint The mortise[1] and tenon joint has been used for thousands of years by woodworkers around the world to join pieces of wood, mainly when the adjoining pieces connect at an angle of 90°. In its basic form it is both simple and strong. This joint is also used with other materials. Types[edit] A mortise is a cavity cut into a timber to receive a tenon. Open mortise a mortise that has only three sides. Stub mortise a shallow mortise, the depth of which depends on the size of the timber; also a mortise that does not go through the workpiece (as opposed to a "through mortise"). Through mortise a mortise that passes entirely through a piece. Wedged half-dovetail a mortise in which the back is wider, or taller, than the front, or opening. Through-wedged half-dovetail a wedged half-dovetail mortise that passes entirely through the piece. Stub tenon Through tenon
Pilotage Without such pilotage references, it is necessary to navigate using dead reckoning (typically with a compass and some form of log for speed or distance estimation), radar, radio navigation, and satellite navigation (such as GPS). Difficulties[edit] Pilotage depends on the pilot being able to recognise the visual references in order to make use of them. The pilot must either be familiar with those visual references or be able to discover them from a map, aeronautical chart or nautical chart. Many nautical and aeronautical disasters have resulted from the pilot incorrectly identifying visual references. Poor visibility may affect safe pilotage by obscuring the natural features used by pilots in an area. Visual features[edit] Common types of visual reference point used for pilotage: During the day: At night: Man made nautical features: Lighthouses, lightvessels and sea marks with lightsMan made land features: Airports, illuminated towers and buildings See also[edit] References[edit]
Navigation Table of geography, hydrography, and navigation, from the 1728 Cyclopaedia Navigation is a field of study that focuses on the process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another.[1] The field of navigation includes four general categories: land navigation, marine navigation, aeronautic navigation, and space navigation.[2] It is also the term of art used for the specialized knowledge used by navigators to perform navigation tasks. All navigational techniques involve locating the navigator's position compared to known locations or patterns. Navigation, in a broader sense, can refer to any skill or study that involves the determination of position and direction.[2] In this sense, navigation includes orienteering and pedestrian navigation.[2] For information about different navigation strategies that people use, visit human navigation. History[edit] Etymology[edit] Basic concepts[edit] Latitude[edit] Longitude[edit] Loxodrome[edit] [edit] Piloting[edit]
DISPERSE - Archaeology, The University of York Overview DISPERSE is an Advanced Grant awarded by the European Research Council (ERC) for a 5-year programme of research (2011-2016) involving collaboration between Geoff Bailey at the University of York and Geoffrey King at the Institut de Physique du Globe, Paris. The project will develop systematic methods for reconstructing landscapes associated with active tectonics and sea level change and assess their impact on patterns of human evolution and dispersal. The research will focus on the western Arabian escarpment and the now-submerged territory of the southern Red Sea, including use of remote sensing techniques and field survey on land and underwater, and will also draw on comparative data from adjacent regions in Africa and the Near East. Other collaborators include specialists from the National Oceanography Centre Southampton, the Institut de Physique du Globe Paris, the Hellenic Centre for Marine Research Athens, and King Saud University Riyadh.