Geothermal electricity

How Geothermal Energy Works Heat from the earth can be used as an energy source in many ways, from large and complex power stations to small and relatively simple pumping systems. This heat energy, known as geothermal energy, can be found almost anywhere—as far away as remote deep wells in Indonesia and as close as the dirt in our backyards. Many regions of the world are already tapping geothermal energy as an affordable and sustainable solution to reducing dependence on fossil fuels, and the global warming and public health risks that result from their use. For example, as of 2013 more than 11,700 megawatts (MW) of large, utility-scale geothermal capacity was in operation globally, with another 11,700 MW in planned capacity additions on the way [1]. Iceland's Nesjavellir geothermal power station. With more than 3,300 megawatts in eight states, the United States is a global leader in installed geothermal capacity. The geothermal resource Below Earth's crust, there is a layer of hot and molten rock, called magma.

Geothermal power in the United Kingdom The potential for exploiting geothermal energy in the United Kingdom on a commercial basis was initially examined by the Department of Energy in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis. Several regions of the country were identified, but interest in developing them was lost as petroleum prices fell. Although the UK is not actively volcanic,[1] a large heat resource is potentially available via shallow geothermal ground source heat pumps, shallow aquifers and deep saline aquifers in the mesozoic basins of the UK.[2] Geothermal energy is plentiful beneath the UK, although it is not readily accessible currently except in specific locations.[3] Southampton District Energy Scheme History[edit] The potential for exploiting geothermal energy in the United Kingdom on a commercial basis was initially examined by the Department of Energy in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis. Shallow geothermal energy[edit] Aquifer-based schemes[edit] Southampton District Heating Scheme[edit] Other[edit] Hot rock schemes[edit]

Vertical axis wind turbine Vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) are a type of wind turbine where the main rotor shaft is set vertically and the main components are located at the base of the turbine. This arrangement allows the generator and gearbox to be located close to the ground, facilitating service and repair. VAWTs do not need to be pointed into the wind,[1] which removes the need for wind-sensing and orientation mechanisms. Major drawbacks for the early designs (Savonius, Darrieus and giromill) included the significant torque variation during each revolution, and the huge bending moments on the blades. A VAWT tipped sideways, with the axis perpendicular to the wind streamlines, functions similarly. Drag-type VAWTs such as the Savonius rotor typically operate at lower tipspeed ratios than lift-based VAWTs such as Darrieus rotors and cycloturbines. General aerodynamics[edit] The forces and the velocities acting in a Darrieus turbine are depicted in figure 1. , and the velocity vector of the advancing blade,

Manley Hot Springs, Alaska Manley Hot Springs (Too Naaleł Denh in Koyukon) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 89. Geography[edit] Manley Hot Springs is located at WikiMiniAtlas Manley Hot Springs is located about 8 km (5.0 mi) north of the Tanana River on Hot Springs Slough, at the end of the Elliott Highway, 260 km (160 mi) west of Fairbanks. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 54.3 square miles (141 km2), all of it land. Demographics[edit] There were 36 households out of which 19.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.2% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.2% were non-families. 38.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 2.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The median income for a household in the CDP was $29,000, and the median income for a family was $59,583.

Tidal power Tidal power, also called tidal energy, is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides into useful forms of power, mainly electricity. Although not yet widely used, tidal power has potential for future electricity generation. Tides are more predictable than wind energy and solar power. Among sources of renewable energy, tidal power has traditionally suffered from relatively high cost and limited availability of sites with sufficiently high tidal ranges or flow velocities, thus constricting its total availability. Historically, tide mills have been used, both in Europe and on the Atlantic coast of North America. The world's first large-scale tidal power plant is the Rance Tidal Power Station in France, which became operational in 1966. Generation of tidal energy[edit] Variation of tides over a day Tidal power is taken from the Earth's oceanic tides; tidal forces are periodic variations in gravitational attraction exerted by celestial bodies. Generating methods[edit] Corrosion[edit]

Binary cycle Electricity generation in a vapor-dominated hydrothermal system.Key:1 Wellheads 2 Ground surface 3 Generator 4 Turbine 5 Condenser 6 Heat exchanger 7 Pump Hot water Cold water Isobutane vapor Isobutane liquid A binary vapor cycle is defined in thermodynamics as a power cycle that is a combination of two cycles, one in a high temperature region and the other in a lower temperature region.[3] Introduction to Binary Cycles[edit] The use of mercury-water cycles in the United States can be dated back to the late 1920s. Water is the optimal working fluid to use in vapor cycles because it is the closest to an ideal working fluid that is currently available. Characteristics of Optimal Working Fluids[4][edit] Systems[edit] Rankine Vapor Cycle[edit] The Rankine cycle is the ideal form of a vapor power cycle. Dual Pressure[edit] This process is designed to reduce the thermodynamic losses incurred in the brine heat exchangers of the basic cycle. Dual Fluid[edit] Power Plants[edit] References[edit]

Agricultural robot An agricultural robot or agribot is a robot deployed for agricultural purposes. The main area of application of robots in agriculture is at the harvesting stage. Fruit picking robots, driverless tractor / sprayer, and sheep shearing robots are designed to replace human labour. Examples[edit] "Ag Ant", an inexpensive foot-long bot that works cooperatively.[1]The Oracle Robot[2]The Shear Magic Robot[3]Fruit Picking Robot[4]LSU's AgBot[5][6]Harvest Automation is a company founded by former iRobot employees to develop robots for greenhouses[7]Strawberry picking robot from Robotic Harvesting[8] and Agrobot.[9]Casmobot next generation slope mower[10]Fieldrobot Event is a competition in mobile agricultural robotics[11]HortiBot - A Plant Nursing Robot,[12]Lettuce Bot - Organic Weed Elimination and Thinning of Lettuce[13]Down on the Farm, Will Robots Replace Immigrant Labor? See also[edit] Future of robotics References[edit] External links[edit]

Alternative energy Alternative energy is any energy source that is an alternative to fossil fuel. These alternatives are intended to address concerns about such fossil fuels. The nature of what constitutes an alternative energy source has changed considerably over time, as have controversies regarding energy use. In a general sense, alternative energy as it is currently conceived, is that which is produced or recovered without the undesirable consequences inherent in fossil fuel use, particularly high carbon dioxide emissions, an important factor in global warming. Definitions[edit] History[edit] Historians of economies have examined the key transitions to alternative energies and regard the transitions as pivotal in bringing about significant economic change.[8][9][10] Prior to the shift to an alternative energy, supplies of the dominant energy type became erratic, accompanied by rapid increases in energy prices. Coal as an alternative to wood[edit] Historian Norman F. Common types of alternative energy[edit]

Geothermal Energy - Renewable Energy World Geothermal Energy The Earth's heat-called geothermal energy-escapes as steam at a hot springs in Nevada. Credit: Sierra Pacific Geothermal energy is the heat from the Earth. Almost everywhere, the shallow ground or upper 10 feet of the Earth's surface maintains a nearly constant temperature between 50° and 60°F (10° and 16°C). In the United States, most geothermal reservoirs of hot water are located in the western states, Alaska, and Hawaii. Hot dry rock resources occur at depths of 3 to 5 miles everywhere beneath the Earth's surface and at lesser depths in certain areas. Many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy - the heat from the earth. Geothermal Energy Technologies: Geothermal Electricity Production Generating electricity from the earth's heat. Subscribe Read More Geothermal Energy News Here Geothermal Energy News & Information: Types Of Renewable Energy Stay Connected To register for our free e-Newsletters, create your free account here:

Enhanced geothermal system Enhanced geothermal system 1 Reservoir 2 Pump house 3 Heat exchanger 4 Turbine hall 5 Production well 6 Injection well 7 Hot water to district heating 8 Porous sediments 9 Observation well 10 Crystalline bedrock Water travels through fractures in the rock, capturing the rock's heat until forced out of a second borehole as very hot water. The water's heat is converted into electricity using either a steam turbine or a binary power plant system.[4] All of the water, now cooled, is injected back into the ground to heat up again in a closed loop. EGS technologies, like hydrothermal geothermal, can function as baseload resources that produce power 24 hours a day, like a fossil fuel plant. Unlike hydrothermal, EGS appears to be feasible anywhere in the world, depending on the economic limits of drill depth. EGS systems are currently being developed and tested in France, Australia, Japan, Germany, the U.S. and Switzerland. EGS industry[edit] Research and development[edit] Australia[edit]

Project Loon Project Loon is a research and development project being developed by Google with the mission of providing Internet access to rural and remote areas. The project uses high-altitude balloons placed in the stratosphere at an altitude of about 20 mi (32 km) to create an aerial wireless network with up to 3G-like speeds.[1][2][3][4] Because of the project's seemingly outlandish mission goals, Google dubbed it "Project Loon".[5] History[edit] In 2008, Google had considered contracting with or acquiring Space Data Corp., a company that sends balloons carrying small base stations about 20 miles (32 km) up in the air for providing connectivity to truckers and oil companies in the southern United States, but didn't do so.[7] Technology[edit] The technology designed in the project could allow countries to avoid using expensive fiber cable that would have to be installed underground to allow users to connect to the Internet. Equipment[edit] A Project Loon research balloon Reception[edit] See also[edit]

Wind power in Alaska Wind power in Alaska has the potential to provide all of the electricity used in the U.S. state of Alaska. From its installation in July 2009 though October 2012, the Pillar Mountain Wind 4.5 MW wind farm has saved the use of almost 3,000,000 gallons of diesel fuel in Kodiak, Alaska.[1] Potential[edit] Alaska wind resources In early 2010, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory released the first comprehensive update of wind energy potential by state since 1993, showing that Alaska has the potential to install 494,700 MW of wind power, capable of generating 1,620,000 million kWh/year.[2] Alaska used 6,291 million kWh in 2011, so Alaska has the potential to generate all energy used in the state from windpower.[3] Projects[edit] Eva Creek Wind ProjectFire Island Wind Project[4]Pillar Mountain Wind Project See also[edit] Wind power in the United States References[edit] External links[edit] Renewable Energy Projects