Science Systematic endeavor for gaining knowledge Science is a rigorous, systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the world.[1][2] Modern science is typically divided into three major branches:[3] natural sciences (e.g., biology, chemistry, and physics), which study the physical world; the social sciences (e.g., economics, psychology, and sociology), which study individuals and societies;[4][5] and the formal sciences (e.g., logic, mathematics, and theoretical computer science), which study formal systems, governed by axioms and rules.[6][7] There is disagreement whether the formal sciences are science disciplines,[8][9][10] because they do not rely on empirical evidence.[11][9] Applied sciences are disciplines that use scientific knowledge for practical purposes, such as in engineering and medicine.[12][13][14] Etymology There are many hypotheses for science's ultimate word origin. History Early history Classical antiquity
SNNAP Neurosimulator Software - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston SNNAP (Simulator for Neural Networks and Action Potentials) is a tool for rapid development and simulation of realistic models of single neurons and neural networks. It includes mathematical descriptions of ion currents and intracellular second messengers and ions. In addition, you can simulate current flow in multicompartment models of neurons by using the equations describing electric coupling. SNNAP also includes mathematical descriptions of intracellular second messengers and ions, and simulate the modulation of membrane currents and synaptic transmission, either enhancement or inhibition. Other advantages of SNNAP include: Written in JAVA and can run on virtually any type of computer system. Attention SNNAP users: Version 8.1 of SNNAP[ zip - 28.30 mb ] is now available!
NoSQL Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. En informatique, NoSQL désigne une famille de systèmes de gestion de base de données (SGBD) qui s'écarte du paradigme classique des bases relationnelles. L'explicitation du terme la plus populaire de l'acronyme est Not only SQL (« pas seulement SQL » en anglais) même si cette interprétation peut être discutée[1]. La définition exacte de la famille des SGBD NoSQL reste sujette à débat. L'architecture machine en clusters induit une structure logicielle distribuée fonctionnant avec des agrégats répartis sur différents serveurs permettant des accès et modifications concurrentes mais imposant également de remettre en cause de nombreux fondements de l'architecture SGBD relationnelle traditionnelle, notamment les propriétés ACID. Éléments historiques[modifier | modifier le code] La domination historique des SGBD relationnels[modifier | modifier le code] Les pionniers du modèle "NoSQL"[modifier | modifier le code] Théorie[modifier | modifier le code]
Computer science Computer science deals with the theoretical foundations of information and computation, together with practical techniques for the implementation and application of these foundations History[edit] The earliest foundations of what would become computer science predate the invention of the modern digital computer. Machines for calculating fixed numerical tasks such as the abacus have existed since antiquity, aiding in computations such as multiplication and division. Further, algorithms for performing computations have existed since antiquity, even before sophisticated computing equipment were created. Blaise Pascal designed and constructed the first working mechanical calculator, Pascal's calculator, in 1642.[3] In 1673 Gottfried Leibniz demonstrated a digital mechanical calculator, called the 'Stepped Reckoner'.[4] He may be considered the first computer scientist and information theorist, for, among other reasons, documenting the binary number system. Contributions[edit] Philosophy[edit]
The Open Source Definition Open source doesn't just mean access to the source code. The distribution terms of open-source software must comply with the following criteria: 1. Free Redistribution The license shall not restrict any party from selling or giving away the software as a component of an aggregate software distribution containing programs from several different sources. 2. The program must include source code, and must allow distribution in source code as well as compiled form. 3. The license must allow modifications and derived works, and must allow them to be distributed under the same terms as the license of the original software. 4. The license may restrict source-code from being distributed in modified form only if the license allows the distribution of "patch files" with the source code for the purpose of modifying the program at build time. 5. The license must not discriminate against any person or group of persons. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Philosophy Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with reality, existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.[1][2] Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument.[3] In more casual speech, by extension, "philosophy" can refer to "the most basic beliefs, concepts, and attitudes of an individual or group".[4] The word "philosophy" comes from the Ancient Greek φιλοσοφία (philosophia), which literally means "love of wisdom".[5][6][7] The introduction of the terms "philosopher" and "philosophy" has been ascribed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras.[8] Areas of inquiry Philosophy is divided into many sub-fields. Epistemology Epistemology is concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge,[11] such as the relationships between truth, belief, and theories of justification. Rationalism is the emphasis on reasoning as a source of knowledge. Logic
Pourquoi l'« open source » passe à coté du problème que soulève le logiciel libre - Projet GNU [Traduit de l'anglais] par Richard Stallman Quand on dit qu'un logiciel est « libre » [free], on entend par là qu'il respecte les libertés essentielles de l'utilisateur : la liberté de l'utiliser, de l'étudier, de le modifier et d'en redistribuer des copies, modifiées ou non. Ces libertés sont d'une importance vitale. Des dizaines de millions de personnes de par le monde utilisent maintenant le logiciel libre ; les écoles publiques de quelques régions d'Inde et d'Espagne enseignent à tous les élèves l'utilisation du système d'exploitation libre GNU/Linux. Le mouvement du logiciel libre fait campagne pour la liberté des utilisateurs de l'informatique depuis 1983. Cependant, tous les utilisateurs et développeurs de logiciel libre n'étaient pas en accord avec les buts du mouvement du logiciel libre. Les deux expressions décrivent à peu près la même catégorie de logiciel, mais elles représentent des points de vue basés sur des valeurs fondamentalement différentes. La crainte de la liberté
Netflix Netflix, Inc. is a provider of on-demand Internet streaming media available to viewers in North and South America, the Caribbean, and parts of Europe (Denmark, Finland, Ireland, The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, Austria, Belgium, and Germany),[4] and of flat rate DVD-by-mail in the United States, where mailed DVDs are sent via Permit Reply Mail. The company was established in 1997 and is headquartered in Los Gatos, California. It started its subscription-based service in 1999. By 2009, Netflix was offering a collection of 100,000 titles on DVD and had surpassed 10 million subscribers.[5] As of September 2014, Netflix has subscribers in over 40 countries, with intentions of expanding their services in unreached countries (such as New Zealand).[6] History[edit] Netflix headquarters in Los Gatos. In 2000, Netflix was offered for acquisition to Blockbuster for $50 million, however Blockbuster declined the offer. On December 24, 2012, at around 1:00 p.m.
Free software is a matter of liberty, not price As our society grows more dependent on computers, the software we run is of critical importance to securing the future of a free society. Free software is about having control over the technology we use in our homes, schools and businesses, where computers work for our individual and communal benefit, not for proprietary software companies or governments who might seek to restrict and monitor us. The Free Software Foundation exclusively uses free software to perform its work. The Free Software Foundation is working to secure freedom for computer users by promoting the development and use of free (as in freedom) software and documentation—particularly the GNU operating system—and by campaigning against threats to computer user freedom like Digital Restrictions Management (DRM) and software patents. Our Core Work The FSF sponsors the GNU project—the ongoing effort to provide a complete operating system licensed as free software. Support Our Mission Read this page in Spanish.
Lobes of the brain Brain lobes were originally a purely anatomical classification, but have been shown also to be related to different brain functions. The telencephalon (cerebrum), the largest portion of the human brain, is divided into lobes, but so is the cerebellum. If not specified, the expression "lobes of the brain" refers to the telencephalon. Terminologia Anatomica (1998) divides cerebrum into 6 lobes.[1] (See individual articles for more information): Frontal lobe—conscious thought; damage can result in mood changes, social differences, etc. Additional images[edit] Brain lobes. References[edit] Jump up ^ Guilherme Carvalhal Ribas (2010). Further reading[edit] Goldberg, E. (2001). See also[edit] Neuroanatomy Anatomy of the human brain. Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. History[edit] Composition[edit] At the tissue level, the nervous system is composed of neurons, glial cells, and extracellular matrix.
Neurology Neurology (from Greek Greek: νεῦρον, neuron' "nerve" and the suffix -λογία -logia "study of") is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system. To be specific, neurology deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the central and peripheral nervous system; or, the equivalent meaning, the autonomic nervous systems and the somatic nervous systems, including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue, such as muscle.[1] A neurologist is a physician specializing in neurology and trained to investigate, or diagnose and treat neurological disorders.[2] Neurologists may also be involved in clinical research, and clinical trials, as well as basic research and translational research. Scope[edit] A large number of neurological disorders have been described. Training[edit] Polish neurologist Edward Flatau greatly influenced the developing field of neurology. Physical examination[edit] Clinical tasks[edit]