Kto ty jesteś? – Jestem patriotą Kto ty jesteś? Patriotyzm nie ma koloru. Jestem patriotą, a nie patriotom. Lubię język polski. To jest matura mojej prababci. Uczę się. Kasuję bilet w autobusie. Pomagam. Dużo czytam. Nie marnuję wody. Kibicuję polskim sportowcom. Umiem przeprosić. Karmię ptaki zimą. Zamalowałam wulgarny napis na murze kamienicy. Nie niszczę zieleni. Wiem, skąd jestem. Nie wyzywam, nie biję. Jesteśmy równi, choć różni. Naprawiam, co zepsułem. Posadziłam drzewo. Porządkujemy z dziadkiem opuszczony cmentarz. Jak dorosnę, będę głosowała. Sprzątam po moim psie. Nie ściągam. Poznaję języki obce. Nie dokuczam zwierzętom. Wiem, skąd się wziął francuski cesarz w naszym hymnie. A ty?
Poland :: The Commonwealth -- Encyclopedia Britannica The dual Polish-Lithuanian state, Respublica, or “Commonwealth” (Polish: Rzeczpospolita), was one of the largest states in Europe. While Poland in the mid-16th century occupied an area of about 100,000 square miles (260,000 square km), with some 3.5 million inhabitants, the Commonwealth at its largest point in the early 17th century comprised nearly 400,000 square miles and some 11 million inhabitants. As such, it was a multiethnic country inhabited by Poles, Lithuanians, Ruthenians, Germans, Jews, and small numbers of Tatars, Armenians, and Scots. The term Poland was used for both the entire state and the strictly Polish part of it (though the latter was officially called the Crown). Throughout most of Europe the medieval system of estates evolved into absolutism, but in the Commonwealth it led to a szlachta democracy inspired by the ideals of ancient Rome, to which parallels were constantly drawn.
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Polish People's Republic The Polish People's Republic (Polish: Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL) was the official name of Poland from 1952 to 1989. From 1944 to 1952, Rzeczpospolita Polska (Republic of Poland) was the name of the Polish state. It was regarded as a satellite state of the Soviet Union.[1] The Soviet Union had much influence over both internal and foreign affairs, and Red Army forces were stationed in Poland (1945: 500,000; until 1955: 120,000 to 150,000; until 1989: 40,000).[1] In 1945, Soviet generals and advisors formed 80% of the officer cadre of the Polish Armed Forces. The Polish United Workers' Party became the dominant political party, officially making the country a Communist state. History[edit] At the Yalta Conference in February 1945, Stalin was able to present his western allies, Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill, with a fait accompli in Poland. The official results of the election showed the Democratic Bloc with 80.1 percent of the vote. 1970s and 1980s[edit] Economy[edit]
Polish government-in-exile Despite the occupation of Poland by hostile powers, the government-in-exile exerted considerable influence in Poland through the structures of the Polish Underground State and its military arm, the Armia Krajowa (Home Army) resistance. Abroad, under the authority of the government-in-exile, Polish military units that had escaped the occupation fought under their own commanders as part of Allied forces in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. The government-in-exile was based in France during 1939 and 1940, first in Paris and then in Angers. From 1940, following the Fall of France, the government moved to London, and remained in England until its dissolution in 1990. History[edit] Establishment[edit] It was not until 29th[6] or 30th[4][5][7] September 1939 that Mościcki resigned. Wartime history[edit] Stalin then severed relations with the Polish Government in Exile. Postwar history[edit] Standard of the President in exile. Government and politics[edit] Presidents[edit] Prime ministers[edit]
Invasion of Poland The morning after the Gleiwitz incident, German forces invaded Poland from the north, south, and west. As the Germans advanced, Polish forces withdrew from their forward bases of operation close to the Polish–German border to more established lines of defence to the east. After the mid-September Polish defeat in the Battle of the Bzura, the Germans gained an undisputed advantage. Polish forces then withdrew to the southeast where they prepared for a long defence of the Romanian Bridgehead and awaited expected support and relief from France and the United Kingdom.[16] Those two countries had pacts with Poland and had declared war on Germany on 3 September, though in the end their aid to Poland in the September campaign was very limited. On 8 October, after an initial period of military administration, Germany directly annexed western Poland and the former Free City of Danzig and placed the remaining block of territory under the administration of the newly established General Government.
Polish Committee of National Liberation A propaganda photo of a citizen reading the PKWN Manifesto, issued on July 22, 1944 The Polish Committee of National Liberation (Polish Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego, PKWN), also known as the Lublin Committee, was a provisional government of Poland, officially proclaimed 22 July 1944[1] in Chełm under the direction of State National Council (Krajowa Rada Narodowa, or KRN) in opposition to the Polish government in exile. It exercised control over Polish territory re-taken from Nazi Germany and was fully sponsored and controlled by the Soviet Union. On 31 December 1944, the PKWN was joined by several members of the Polish government in exile, among them Stanisław Mikołajczyk[citation needed]. In January 1945, after the Soviet Union entered Warsaw, it was then transformed into the Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rząd Tymczasowy Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, RTRP) that was to govern the areas taken by the Red Army from Nazi Germany until the elections were held.
History of Poland (1918–39) The independence of Poland had been successfully promoted to the Allies in Paris by Roman Dmowski and Ignacy Paderewski. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson made the independence of Poland a war goal in his Fourteen Points, and this goal was endorsed by the Allies in spring 1918. Most Polish leaders of that period wanted to create a larger Polish state; one optimal plan, dating back to the Paris Peace Conference, included the incorporation of East Prussia and the German city of Königsberg being placed in a customs union with Poland. 1920 map from The Peoples Atlas showing the situation of Poland and the Baltic states with their still-undefined borders after the treaties of Brest-Litovsk and Versailles and before the Peace of Riga The German-Polish borders were so complicated that only close collaboration between the two countries could let the situation persist (1930 km., compared to the 430 km. of the present-day Oder–Neisse line). Polish population as of 1918 Poland in the interbellum.
Greater Poland The proper Greater Poland Greater Poland, often known by its Polish name Wielkopolska [vjɛlkɔˈpɔlska] ( ) (German: Großpolen; Latin: Polonia Maior) is a historical region of west-central Poland. The boundaries of Greater Poland have varied somewhat throughout history. Name of the region[edit] Geography[edit] Greater Poland comprises much of the area drained by the Warta River and its tributaries, including the Noteć River. The region's main metropolis is Poznań, near the centre of the region, on the Warta. History[edit] In the testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty, which initiated the period of fragmentation of Poland (1138–1320), the western part of Greater Poland (including Poznań) was granted to Mieszko III the Old. In the reunited kingdom, and later in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the country came to be divided into administrative units called voivodeships. After the war, Greater Poland was fully within the Polish People's Republic, as Poznań Voivodeship. External links[edit]
Piast dynasty The Piast dynasty was the first historical ruling dynasty of Poland. The first documented Polish monarch was Prince Mieszko I (c. 930–992). The Piasts' royal rule in Poland ended in 1370 with the death of king Casimir III the Great. Branches of the Piast dynasty continued to rule in the Duchy of Masovia and in the Duchies of Silesia, until the last male Silesian Piast died in 1675. Origin of the name[edit] The early dukes and kings of Poland regarded themselves as descendants of the semi-legendary Piast the Wheelwright (Piast Kołodziej), first mentioned in the Cronicae et gesta ducum sive principum Polonorum (Chronicles and deeds of the dukes or princes of the Poles), written c. 1113 by Gallus Anonymus. History[edit] The Piast position was decisively enfeebled by an era of fragmentation following the 1138 Testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty. Coat of arms[edit] Piast rulers[edit] Piast kings and rulers of Poland appear in list form in the following table. Dukes of the Polans[edit]