Tianeptine Antidepressant Tianeptine, sold under the brand names Stablon and Coaxil among others, is an atypical antidepressant which is used mainly in the treatment of major depressive disorder, although it may also be used to treat anxiety, asthma, and irritable bowel syndrome.[1][2][3] Tianeptine has antidepressant and anxiolytic effects[9] with a relative lack of sedative, anticholinergic, and cardiovascular side effects.[7][10] It has been found to act as an atypical agonist of the μ-opioid receptor with clinically negligible effects on the δ- and κ-opioid receptors.[11][12][13] Tianeptine was discovered and patented by the French Society of Medical Research in the 1960s. Medical uses[edit] Depression and anxiety[edit] Tianeptine has been found to be effective in depression, in people with Parkinson's disease,[19] and with post-traumatic stress disorder[20] for which it was as safe and effective as fluoxetine and moclobemide.[21] Other uses[edit] Contraindications[edit] Side effects[edit] The U.S.
Tetrahydrocannabinol Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active chemical in cannabis and is one of the oldest hallucinogenic drugs known. There is evidence that cannabis extracts were used by the Chinese as a herbal remedy since the first century AD. Cannabis comes from the flowering tops and leaves of the hemp plant, Cannabis sativa (shown in the picture on the right). Cannabis contains approximately 60 different psychoactive chemicals called cannabinoids, of which the most important one is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The cannabinoids belong to a class of chemicals called terpenoids, meaning terpene-like. THC as an Illegal Drug The cannabinoids are basically non-polar molecules, with low solubility in water, so they are normally self-administered by smoking. Medical Uses Apart from the recreational uses and abuses, THC does have some medical uses. References: Organic Chemistry, Morrison and Boyd (Allyn and Bacon, 1983).
Substituted phenylmorpholine Class of chemical compounds Substituted phenylmorpholines, or substituted phenmetrazines alternatively, are chemical derivatives of phenylmorpholine or of the psychostimulant drug phenmetrazine. Most such compounds act as releasers of monoamine neurotransmitters, and have stimulant effects. Various phenmetrazine derivatives The 2S,3S isomer of phendimetrazine (i.e. (2S,3S)-3,4-dimethyl-2-phenylmorpholine) See also[edit] References[edit] External links[edit] Media related to Substituted phenylmorpholines at Wikimedia Commons Cannabis Vault : Chemistry Cannabis Chemistryby Erowid THC Material Safety Data Sheet (Occupational Health Services) Toluene Chemical compound As the solvent in some types of paint thinner, permanent markers, contact cement and certain types of glue, toluene is sometimes used as a recreational inhalant[9] and has the potential of causing severe neurological harm.[10][11] History[edit] The compound was first isolated in 1837 through a distillation of pine oil by the Polish chemist Filip Walter, who named it rétinnaphte.[12] In 1841, French chemist Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville isolated a hydrocarbon from balsam of Tolu (an aromatic extract from the tropical Colombian tree Myroxylon balsamum), which Deville recognized as similar to Walter's rétinnaphte and to benzene; hence he called the new hydrocarbon benzoène.[13] In 1843, Jöns Jacob Berzelius recommended the name toluin.[14] In 1850, French chemist Auguste Cahours isolated from a distillate of wood a hydrocarbon which he recognized as similar to Deville's benzoène and which Cahours named toluène.[15] Chemical properties[edit] Miscibility[edit] Uses[edit]
The Endocannabinoid System: An Osteopathic Perspective The endocannabinoid system was discovered long after the endorphin system, which was indirectly detected in 1801 when morphine sulfate was isolated from opium. Morphine's mechanism of action remained a mystery until the opioid μ receptor was identified. That discovery begged the question: Why do humans express a receptor for an opium poppy (Papavera somniferum) plant compound? In 1897, Andrew Taylor Still, MD, DO,2 the founder of osteopathic medicine, famously stated, “Man should study and use the drugs compounded in his own body.” Since then, research—particularly osteopathic medical research—has redirected its attention from the endorphin system to the endocannabinoid system.4-10 A search on the National Library of Medicine's PubMed database of endorphin in the 1992 literature, the year endocannabinoids were discovered, returns 596 citations, whereas endocannabinoid yields only two citations. Exogenous Cannabinoids Animal studies of THC began immediately after its discovery. Figure 1.
Speedball (drug) Combination of narcotics Cocaine powder Heroin powder "National Trends in Drug Abuse, Summer 1998, Special Section: Speedballing". Science for potheads: Why they love to get high Drug warriors have long tried to smear marijuana as a dangerous scourge, seeking to criminalize possession of a leaf they clearly do not understand. The key to comprehending its effects is by better grasping our physiology. Marijuana is not magic. Marijuana (botanical name, cannabis) affects the human body because the plant-based cannabinoids in marijuana, once ingested, can “plug into” the cannabinoid receptors that are used by the cannabinoids made by our own bodies. It’s not just people that have cannabinoid systems. Evolution has selected for cannabinoid systems, meaning once they emerged, they were retained, and broadly adopted. The cannabinoid receptor seems to have first appeared approximately 600 million years ago in sea squirts. A sea squirt is a tunicate, and tunicates contain a host of potentially useful chemical compounds that are effective against various types of cancer. Could that underlying mechanism allowing for “reprogramming” involve the cannabinoid system?
Tramadol Medication of the opioid type Tramadol, sold under the brand name Ultram among others,[1] is an opioid pain medication used to treat moderate to moderately severe pain.[3] When taken by mouth in an immediate-release formulation, the onset of pain relief usually begins within an hour.[3] It is also available by injection.[10] It may be sold in combination with paracetamol (acetaminophen) or as longer-acting formulations, such as ULTRACET (37.5 mg tramadol hydrochloride/ 325 mg acetaminophen tablets)[3][10][11] History, society and culture[edit] Tramadol was patented in 1963 and launched under the name "Tramal" in 1977 by the West German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal GmbH.[14][15] In the mid-1990s, it was approved in the United Kingdom and the United States.[14] It is available as a generic medication and marketed under many brand names worldwide.[1][3] In 2019, it was the 35th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 19 million prescriptions.[16][17]
Selegiline Monoamine oxidase inhibitor Selegiline acts as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, and increases levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain. At typical clinical doses used for Parkinson's disease, selegiline is a selective and irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), increasing levels of dopamine in the brain. In larger doses (more than 20 mg/day), it loses its specificity for MAO-B and also inhibits MAO-A, which increases serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the brain. Medical uses[edit] Parkinson's disease[edit] Selegiline has also been used off-label as a palliative treatment for dementia in Alzheimer's disease.[6] Depression[edit] Selegiline is also delivered via a transdermal patch used as a treatment for major depressive disorder.[9][10] Administration of transdermal selegiline bypasses hepatic first pass metabolism. Special populations[edit] Side effects[edit] Interactions[edit] Pharmacology[edit] Pharmacodynamics[edit] Pharmacokinetics[edit] [edit] Patch[edit]
Salvia divinorum Salvia divinorum (also known as Diviner's Sage,[2] Ska María Pastora,[3] Seer's Sage,[4] and by its genus name Salvia) is a psychoactive plant which can induce "visions" and other hallucinatory experiences. Its native habitat is in cloud forest in the isolated Sierra Mazateca of Oaxaca, Mexico, where it grows in shady and moist locations.[5][6] The plant grows to over a meter high,[1] has hollow square stems, large leaves, and occasional white flowers with violet calyxes. Botanists have not determined whether Salvia divinorum is a cultigen or a hybrid; native plants reproduce vegetatively, rarely producing viable seed.[7][8] Mazatec shamans have a long and continuous tradition of religious use of Salvia divinorum, using it to facilitate visionary states of consciousness during spiritual healing sessions.[1] Most of the plant's local common names allude to the Mazatec belief that the plant is an incarnation of the Virgin Mary, with its ritual use also invoking that relationship. History
Propylhexedrine Decongestant and stimulant drug Propylhexedrine, sold under the brand name Benzedrex, is a nasal decongestant, appetite suppressant, and psychostimulant medication. It is used medicinally for relief of congestion due to colds, allergies and allergic rhinitis. Propylhexedrine is most commonly found in over-the-counter Benzedrex inhalers. Propylhexedrine has also seen use in Europe as an appetite suppressant, under the trade name Obesin.[2] Additionally, it is found in the anticonvulsant preparation barbexaclone, where its S-isomer (levopropylhexedrine or L-propylhexedrine) is bonded with phenobarbital for the purpose of offsetting the barbiturate-induced sedation.[2] Levopropylhexedrine is also used as an anorectic, under the brand name Eventin.[3] Medical use[edit] Propylhexedrine is used to treat acute nasal congestion related to common cold,[1] allergies and hay fever. Contraindications[edit] Pharmacology[edit] [edit] Chemistry[edit] Synthesis[edit] Preparation of propylhexedrine[16]