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Neuroscientists create ‘atlas’ showing how words are organised in the brain

Neuroscientists create ‘atlas’ showing how words are organised in the brain
Scientists have created an “atlas of the brain” that reveals how the meanings of words are arranged across different regions of the organ. Like a colourful quilt laid over the cortex, the atlas displays in rainbow hues how individual words and the concepts they convey can be grouped together in clumps of white matter. “Our goal was to build a giant atlas that shows how one specific aspect of language is represented in the brain, in this case semantics, or the meanings of words,” said Jack Gallant, a neuroscientist at the University of California, Berkeley. No single brain region holds one word or concept. Described as a “tour de force” by one researcher who was not involved in the study, the atlas demonstrates how modern imaging can transform our knowledge of how the brain performs some of its most important tasks. To create the atlas, the scientists recorded people’s brain activity while they listened to stories read out on The Moth Radio Hour, a US radio show. Related:  BioPsychPsykologia

What It’s Like to ‘Wake Up’ From Autism -- Science of Us For a long time, it was thought that people with autism spectrum disorder lacked emotion, that even the higher-functioning among them navigated the world like logical robots oblivious to “real” feelings. More recently, research has shown their social issues are more likely to stem from difficulty expressing emotion or reading the emotions of others. Though he wasn’t diagnosed with autism until he was 40, John Elder Robison felt isolated and disconnected throughout his entire youth and early adulthood. But in 2008, at 50, he took part in what became a three-year research project looking at brain function in individuals with autism spectrum disorders and exploring the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to help them. TMS is a noninvasive procedure that uses magnetic pulses to stimulate nerve cells in the brain. During treatment, a coil is placed against the patient’s scalp and the TMS energy passes through the skull into the outermost layer of the brain. What happened?

A la recherche d’une Science pour l’éducation | Éduveille A l’occasion d’un article hagiographique sur Céline Alvarez, on a pu lire récemment, dans un magazine bien connu dans le monde éducatif, la phrase suivante : « Les neurosciences sont les seules à pouvoir nous renseigner sur la complexité de l’être humain » ( «Le cerveau d’un enfant varie selon la pédagogie qu’on lui applique », Lorraine Rossignol, Télérama, 19 février 2016). Dans son simplisme grotesque, l’affirmation a suscité quelques vives réactions de lecteurs, mais la plupart des professionnels de l’éducation se sont contentés de réactions narquoises. Sur le fond, elle ne fait pourtant que caricaturer ce que l’on entend parfois, y compris dans certaines institutions de l’éducation nationale. C’est un mouvement qui évoque le ressac : l’agenda médiatique ou politique est régulièrement saisi par telle ou telle personnalité qui invoque l’urgence de donner une base scientifique aux pratiques éducatives. Cela évoque souvent une réplique de (mauvais) boulevard : A suivre…

Scientists have found another new way to trick your brain Researchers at Bielefeld University in Germany have found a new way to outwit our perception, the cunning so-and-so’s. The scientists at the Cluster of Excellence Cognitive Interaction Technology, placed test subject’s fingers in an apparatus upon the surface of an elastic fabric strap. Picture: CITEC/BIELEFELD UNIVERSITY While touching the object, the strap would tighten or loosen at random, although the position of the subjects’ finger would barely change. The volunteers were asked to say whether they thought their finger had bent, and all were confused as to the reality of what had happened, as explained by Dr Alessandro Moscatelli: Astonishingly, all study participants estimated their finger to be most bent when the elastic band was loose. Essentially, the fact that our fingers are fleshy and can give way to a surface can betray our brains as to whether we're touching something hard or soft, as well as to whether our finger has moved. So, how's your perception?

Avian Brain & Senses Due to common ancestry, the brains of reptiles & birds are similar. However, birds have relatively larger cerebral hemispheres & cerebella. In addition, birds have larger optic lobes & smaller olfactory bulbs (Husband and Shimizu 1999). Source: Source: Sharp-shinned Hawk skull and brain Wood Stork skull and brain Woodpeckers, corvids, and parrots have longer, larger cerebellar lobes IV, VI, VII, VIII, and IX than many other birds. Side views of Zebra Finch & human brains. Bird brains (Nova - Science Now) Lecture: Harvey Karten explores what goes on inside a bird's brain. The cerebral hemispheres of birds, like those of other vertebrates, consists of 2 regions: a dorsal PALLIUM & a ventral SUBPALLIUM (including the basal ganglia, which are areas important in coordinating muscular activity) Schematic representation of two theories of brain evolution. From: Jarvis et al. (2005).

Dangers, incertitudes et incomplétude de la logique de la compétence en éducation 1 La déferlante des compétences touche également d’autres pays, mais nous sommes dans l’incapacité d’ (...) 1L’école ressemble à une mer tumultueuse : au déferlement d’une vague fait suite le déferlement d’une autre. Dans le champ pédagogique, ces vagues ont pour nom : pédagogie active, pédagogie par centres d’intérêt, pédagogie fonctionnelle, pédagogie par projets, pédagogie par objectifs et, dernière écume, pédagogie par compétences. 2Pour Delvaux (2003), le concept de compétences constitue un concept étendard dans la mesure où il réalise, autour de lui, le consensus de groupes de pression traditionnellement en opposition. 3La notion de compétences renvoie, en effet, à un réseau intégré de connaissances, susceptibles d’être mobilisées pour accomplir des tâches. 4• une compétence comprend plusieurs connaissances mises en relations ; 5• elle s’applique à une famille de situations ; 2 Plus loin, dans le même texte, Allal (1999, p. 81) propose la définition du terme compétence : « un (...)

The reading test that shows you what it's like to be dyslexic Daniel Britton is a graphic designer who was diagnosed with full dyslexia in his last year as a student at the London School of Communications. In response to the diagnosis and in an attempt to recreate the emotional experience of dyslexia, he created a font. See if you can read it: Picture: Daniel Britton It took you a while, right? Daniel told indy100 that he made the font because he was frustrated with the current material which tries to mimic the condition - or give people a taste of it: What's out there at the moment, in most of the awareness posters, tries to recreate what it’s like with dyslexia - the problem is that with a non-dyslexic brain you can work out exactly what’s going on very, very quickly. Britton set up a crowdfunding page, with which he hoped to create an educational pack around the font, for use in schools, because he sees a lack of awareness about the realities of the condition. Daniel told indy100: >All of the inspirational posters in it are people like Brian Conley.

Neuroscientists: Specific Brain Waves Synchronize Brain Regions During Fear Behavior | Neuroscience A new study led by Nikolaos Karalis of the Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München and Dr. Cyril Herry of the Neurocentre Magendie has shed light on what actually happens in the brain during the retrieval and expression of fear memories. Top image: filtered signals recorded in the two brain regions identify the almost perfect synchronization between the two regions during the expression of fear memories. Bottom image: spectral decomposition of the brain signals allows researchers to identify the frequency and power of neuronal rhythmic oscillations during fear behavior. Fear response to traumatic or threatening situations helps us evade or escape danger. “Fear learning requires only a single experience for the association to be formed and each subsequent exposure to the conditioned stimulus leads to the retrieval of the memory.” “Could it be that this very characteristic state of the body is more than just a response to the stressor or conditioned stimulus?

Bruno Devauchelle : Numérique, attention, intention : Qu'en faire en classe ? "Ils ne font plus attention ! Génération zapping ! Pas de concentration !" voici quelques une des expressions qui peuplent les conversations des salles des enseignants dans les établissements scolaires. A ce discours s'ajoute celui sur la télévision, la zapette (cf. les propos de Philippe Meirieu), et plus récemment les tablettes et les écrans. Que sait-on de l'attention ? Les travaux de recherche sur l'attention ne sont pas nouveaux. En disant des élèves qu'ils ne sont plus attentifs, les adultes réitèrent une rengaine connue depuis longtemps de défiance vis-à-vis de la jeunesse. Concurrence attentionnelle Dans la vie quotidienne, en particulier dans l'espace public, les sollicitations attentionnelles sont de plus en plus nombreuses, comme les panneaux publicitaires et toutes autres formes de sollicitation de l'attention. Les enseignants disent souvent qu'ils remarquent la baisse d'attention de la part des élèves. C'est l'attention ou l'intention qui pêche ? Danger Mooc...

There's only one type of brain that isn't fooled by this optical illusion Optical illusions are fascinating because of their ability to suspend reality tricking people into seeing a false image. And research indicates that one particular illusion fails to fool those who suffer from schizophrenia. The hollow mask is an illusion in which viewers perceive a concave, rather than convex face. The average brain perceives the world using a combination of bottom-up (what it sees) and top-down processing (the expectation based on experience), Wired reports. Danai Dima, Hannover Medical University and Jonathan Roiser of UCL put 16 healthy subjects and 13 schizophrenia patients through an fMRI machine, and measured their brain activity when they were presented with the image. Danai said: Our top-down processing holds memories, like stock models, all the models in our head have a face coming out, so whenever we see a face, of course it has to come out. Such is the strength of the connection, it makes the person perceive the illusion even when they know it to be one.

Kolmogorov download Comment évaluer l’efficacité des dispositifs éducatifs Lors de présentations en établissements sur le thème de l’évaluation, j’ai coutume d’introduire mes propos par une boutade, en affirmant que moins une société a confiance en son système éducatif, plus elle multiplie les outils pour l’évaluer et le contrôler ! Ce n’est une boutade qu’en partie, car il arrive parfois qu’on consacre plus d’énergie à tenter d’évaluer des actions éducatives qu’à les développer dans de bonnes conditions. Il n’en reste pas moins qu’il est absolument nécessaire d’évaluer les programmes éducatifs, surtout quand ils coûtent cher. Il n’en est pas moins vrai qu’il est absolument pertinent de s’interroger aussi sur les meilleurs moyens de les évaluer, surtout quand ces évaluations sont coûteuses. De ce point de vue, on ne peut qu’être interpellé par la publication à peu de jours d’intervalles de deux textes passionnants. Références

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