Leadership - Theories of Leadership - Leadership Styles Leadership research has been used in fields ranging from business management to education. Find resources on the study of leadership, information on different leadership theories, and quizzes about your own leadership style. Transformational LeadershipTransformational leadership is a type of leadership style that leads to positive changes in those who follow. Transformational leaders are generally energetic, enthusiastic and passionate. Not only are these leaders concerned and involved in the process; they are also focused on helping every member of the group succeed as well. Quiz - What's Your Leadership Style? Lewin's Leadership StylesKurt Lewin's 1939 study identified three major leadership styles. Leadership TheoriesTheories of leadership are generally one of eight different types. What Is Autocratic Leadership? What Is Democratic Leadership? What Is Laissez-Faire Leadership? What Is Transactional Leadership? Are Narcissistic Leaders More Effective?
The Benefits of Lucid Dreaming The benefits of lucid dreaming are far-reaching. You can take on a new life in lucid dreams, free of all your fears and inhibitions, confident that you can do absolutely anything. This has a real positive impact on your waking life. But that's not all... Conscious dreaming is a fascinating experience. That's not to mention the enormous fun that comes from playing within your own virtual reality dream world and how it relates to your own subconscious mind. And then there is the obvious benefit: pure wish fulfillment. Improve Your Problem Solving Skills Scientists understand the benefits of lucid dreaming; some have used it to enhance their problem solving skills in extraordinarily creative ways. Take Friedrich Kekule's discovery of the structure of the benzene molecule; Otto Loewi's experiment on nerve impulses; and Elias Howe's invention of the sewing machine. Once you learn the basics of lucid dreaming, you can solve problems on demand - and on a whole new level. Improve Your Creativity
9 Research Areas in Social Psychology Now that you have a better understanding of what social psychology is (see previous article: What is Social Psychology?), we are going to look at some of the major topics that social psychologists investigate in their research. Many of these topics are related to social influence, social perception and social interaction. The following are just a few of the areas of interest within social psychology. 1. Social Cognition: Social cognition is concerned with the processing, storage and application of social information. 2. Another major research area in social psychology involves the study of attitudes. 3. What causes violence and aggression? 4. Prosocial behavior is another major research area in social psychology. Much of the research in this area was prompted by the murder of a young woman named Kitty Genovese. 5. Prejudice, discrimination and stereotypes exist in any social group. 6. 7. The behavior of groups is one of the largest research areas in social psychology. 8. 9.
Types of Dreams: Five Dream Types to Lucidity There are five main types of dreams - daydreams, normal dreams, false awakenings, nightmares and lucid dreams. Take a look at the features of these hypnotic states and how each one can introduce you to the phenomenal world of lucid dreaming... Daydreams Scientific studies reveal that most people daydream for a whopping 70-120 minutes per day. Contrary to popular belief, daydreaming is an important part of dream research. In daydreams, the right (creative) brain is dominant and you lose awareness of reality. Rehearsing The Future Similarly, many successful people use their daydreams to visualize their future. Setting a Lucid Dream Intention I also use daydreams to initiate my next lucid dream by setting a lucid dream intention. The next time I become lucid, I will remember my daydream instinctively and begin to perform it all in the vivid detail of my lucid dream reality. Normal Dreams Everybody in the world has normal dreams every single night. Interpreting Dreams Spontaneous Lucidity
Operant Conditioning - Introduction to Operant Conditioning What Is Operant Conditioning? Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. Operant conditioning was coined by behaviorist B.F. Skinner used the term operant to refer to any "active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences" (1953). Examples of Operant Conditioning We can find examples of operant conditioning at work all around us. In these examples, the promise or possibility of rewards causes an increase in behavior, but operant conditioning can also be used to decrease a behavior. Components of Operant Conditioning Some key concepts in operant conditioning: Reinforcement is any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows. Positive reinforcers are favorable events or outcomes that are presented after the behavior.
Dream Journal Keeping a dream journal is an important part of lucid dreaming. Fortunately, it's easy and fun - and ultimately improves your awareness of the dream state, making it easier to wake up in dreams. The average person has five sleep cycles per night. At the end of each cycle, there is a period of REM sleep. Most people dream for 100 minutes each night. So you are more likely to remember dreams as you wake up in the morning - the best time to write in your dream diary... Find a Lucid Anchor If you have trouble remembering dreams, you can use a lucid anchor. My anchor is a picture of a big grizzly bear stuck on the wall. The phrase acts as a trigger for my subconscious brain to relate to. How To Keep a Dream Journal How to keep a dream journal may seem obvious. Step 1 - Find a notebook or journal specifically to record your dreams in. If you get up, walk around and start talking about other things, it will cause motor neurons to fire in your brain. Step 2 - Note down the date of your dream.
Classical Conditioning - An Introduction With Examples Classical conditioning is a type of learning that had a major influence on the school of thought in psychology known as behaviorism. Discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Behaviorism is based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the environment. Two other assumptions of this theory are that the environment shapes behavior and that taking internal mental states such as thoughts, feelings, and emotions into consideration is useless in explaining behavior. It's important to note that classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex. In order to understand how more about how classical conditioning works, it is important to be familiar with the basic principles of the process. The Unconditioned Stimulus The Unconditioned Response The Conditioned Stimulus References
Attitudes - How Attitudes Form, Change and Shape Behavior What's your opinion on the death penalty? Which political party does a better job of running the country? Should prayer be allowed in schools? Chances are that you probably have fairly strong opinions on these and similar questions. What exactly is an attitude? What Is an Attitude? Psychologists define attitudes as a learned tendency to evaluate things in a certain way. Researchers also suggest that there are several different components that make up attitudes. An Emotional Component: How the object, person, issue or event makes you feel. Attitudes can also be explicit and implicit. Implicit attitudes are unconscious, but still have an effect on our beliefs and behaviors. How Do Attitudes Form? Attitudes form directly as a result of experience. Attitudes can be learned in a variety of ways. Operant conditioning can also be used to influence how attitudes develop. Finally, people also learn attitudes by observing the people around them. How Do Attitudes Influence Behavior? Attitude Change
Milgram Experiment - The Milgram Obedience Experiment By Kendra Cherry Updated December 16, 2015. If a person in a position of authority ordered you to deliver a 400-volt electrical shock to another person, would you follow orders? These experiments offer a compelling and disturbing look at the power of authority and obedience. More recent investigations cast doubt on some of the implications of Milgram's findings and even question the results and procedures themselves. Learn more about the experiments, the results and some of the major criticisms of Milgram's infamous research. Introduction to the Milgram Experiment "The social psychology of this century reveals a major lesson: often it is not so much the kind of person a man is as the kind of situation in which he finds himself that determines how he will act." continue reading below our video Loaded: 0% Progress: 0% Milgram started his experiments in 1961, shortly after the trial of the World War II criminal Adolph Eichmann had begun. Could we call them all accomplices?" "Please continue.""