Ethanol fermentation In ethanol fermentation, one glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvates (1). The energy from this exothermic reaction is used to bind inorganic phosphates to ADP and convert NAD+ to NADH. The two pyruvates are then broken down into two acetaldehydes and give off two CO2 as a waste product (2). The two acetaldehydes are then converted to two ethanol by using the H- ions from NADH; converting NADH back into NAD+ (3). Alcoholic fermentation, also referred to as ethanol fermentation, is a biological process in which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose are converted into cellular energy and thereby produce ethanol and carbon dioxide as metabolic waste products. Alcoholic fermentation occurs in the production of alcoholic beverages and ethanol fuel, and in the rising of bread dough. Grapes fermenting during the production of exempt of wine. Chemical process of fermentation of glucose[edit] A laboratory vessel being used for the fermentation of straw. Effect of oxygen[edit]
Vegetable oil fuel Waste vegetable oil which has been filtered. Vegetable oil is an alternative fuel for Diesel engines and for heating oil burners. For engines designed to burn diesel fuel, the viscosity of vegetable oil must be lowered to allow for proper atomization of the fuel, otherwise incomplete combustion and carbon build up will ultimately damage the engine. History[edit] Rudolf Diesel Rudolf Diesel was the father of the engine which bears his name. Periodic petroleum shortages spurred research into vegetable oil as a diesel substitute during the 1930s and 1940s, and again in the 1970s and early 1980s when straight vegetable oil enjoyed its highest level of scientific interest. Academic research into straight vegetable oil fell off sharply in the 1980s with falling petroleum prices and greater interest in biodiesel as an option that did not require extensive vehicle modification. Application and usability[edit] Modified fuel systems[edit] Unmodified indirect injection engines[edit] Home heating[edit]
Fermentation Fermentation in progress: Impurities formed by CO2 gas bubbles and fermenting material. Overview of ethanol fermentation. One glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvates (1). The energy from this exothermic reaction is used to bind inorganic phosphates to ADP and convert NAD+ to NADH. The two pyruvates are then broken down into two Acetaldehyde and give off two CO2 as a waste product (2). Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases and/or alcohol. Fermentation takes place in the absence of oxygen (when the electron transport chain is unusable) and becomes the cell’s primary means of ATP (energy) production.[1] It turns NADH and pyruvate produced in the glycolysis step into NAD+ and various small molecules (see examples below). The first step, glycolysis, is common to all fermentation pathways: C6H12O6 + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi → 2 CH3COCOO− + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H2O + 2H+ Pyruvate is CH3COCOO−. Examples[edit] Chemistry[edit] Ethanol fermentation[edit]
Papermaking Paper-making is the process of making paper, a substance which is used universally today for writing and packaging. In paper-making, a dilute suspension of fibres in water is drained through a screen, so that a mat of randomly interwoven fibres is laid down. Water is removed from this mat of fibres by pressing and drying to make paper. History[edit] Hemp wrapping paper, China, circa 100 BCE. In the 8th century, paper spread to the Islamic world, where the rudimentary and laborious process of paper-making was refined and machinery was designed for bulk manufacturing of paper. Modern paper-making began in the early 19th century in Europe with the development of Fourdrinier machine, which produces a continuous roll of paper rather than individual sheets. Manual paper-making[edit] The method of manual paper-making changed very little over time, despite advances in technologies. Separating the useful fibre from the rest of raw materials. The wooden frame is called a "deckle". Folio[edit]
Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion also occurs naturally in some soils and in lake and oceanic basin sediments, where it is usually referred to as "anaerobic activity".[2][3] This is the source of marsh gas methane as discovered by Volta in 1776.[4][5] The digestion process begins with bacterial hydrolysis of the input materials. Insoluble organic polymers, such as carbohydrates, are broken down to soluble derivatives that become available for other bacteria. Acidogenic bacteria then convert the sugars and amino acids into carbon dioxide, hydrogen, ammonia, and organic acids. It is used as part of the process to treat biodegradable waste and sewage sludge. Anaerobic digestion is widely used as a source of renewable energy. History[edit] Gas street lamp Research on anaerobic digestion began in earnest in the 1930s.[17] Process[edit] Many microorganisms affect anaerobic digestion, including acetic acid-forming bacteria (acetogens) and methane-forming archaea (methanogens). Process stages[edit]
Textile Mrs. Condé Nast wearing one of the famous Fortuny tea gowns. This one has no tunic but is finely pleated, in the Fortuny manner, and falls in long lines, closely following the figure, to the floor. The words fabric and cloth are used in textile assembly trades (such as tailoring and dressmaking) as synonyms for textile. Etymology[edit] The word 'textile' is from Latin, from the adjective textilis, meaning 'woven', from textus, the past participle of the verb texere, 'to weave'.[4] The word 'fabric' also derives from Latin, most recently from the Middle French fabrique, or 'building, thing made', and earlier as the Latin fabrica 'workshop; an art, trade; a skillful production, structure, fabric', which is from the Latin faber, or 'artisan who works in hard materials', from PIE dhabh-, meaning 'to fit together'.[5] History[edit] During the 15th century, textiles were the largest single industry. Uses[edit] Fashion and textile designers[edit] Sources and types[edit] Animal textiles[edit]
Hydrolysis Hydrolysis (/haɪˈdrɒlɨsɪs/; from Greek hydro-, meaning "water", and lysis, meaning "separation") usually means the cleavage of chemical bonds by the addition of water. Where a carbohydrate is broken into its component sugar molecules by hydrolysis (e.g. sucrose being broken down into glucose and fructose), this is termed saccharification. Generally, hydrolysis or saccharification is a step in the degradation of a substance. Types[edit] Usually hydrolysis is a chemical process in which a molecule of water is added to a substance. Salts[edit] Strong acids also undergo hydrolysis. Esters and amides[edit] Acid–base-catalysed hydrolyses are very common; one example is the hydrolysis of amides or esters. Perhaps the oldest commercially practiced example of ester hydrolysis is saponification (formation of soap). In addition, in living systems, most biochemical reactions (including ATP hydrolysis) take place during the catalysis of enzymes. ATP[edit] Polysaccharides [edit] Sucrose. [edit]
Definitions and Descriptions of Fabric and Cloth Fabric and Cloth This is a rather odd category, listing 269 names of kinds of fabric and cloth. There is an enormous variety in fabrics, with many different national, historical and regional varieties. It is interesting to note, however, that almost all of the types of fabric listed below are variants or blends of just five basic fabric types (silk, cotton, linen, wool and worsted). Many of the terms are foreign in origin; English orthography has been adopted where it exists. PLEASE NOTE: I am not a fabric dealer. I hope you have found this site to be useful.
Bacterial cellulose hydrolysis in anaerobic... [Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008 List of fabric names List of fabric names From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For the definition of 'textiles', see textile. Fabric names in this list include fabrics that are woven, non-woven, as well as knitted fabrics and netting fabrics, and technical fabrics (such as Gore-Tex and Gannex). A fabric may share the name of the fibre from which it is made if its content is derived entirely from the fibre (such as angora fabric made of 100% angora fibre). Contents [hide] A[edit] B[edit] C[edit] D[edit] E[edit] F[edit] G[edit] H[edit] I[edit] J[edit] K[edit] L[edit] M[edit] N[edit] O[edit] P[edit] Q[edit] Quilting R[edit] S[edit] T[edit] U[edit] Ultrasuede V[edit] W[edit] Y[edit] Youghal lace Z[edit] See also[edit] Retrieved from " Categories: Navigation menu Personal tools Namespaces Variants Views Actions Navigation Interaction Tools Print/export Languages This page was last modified on 20 April 2014 at 09:39.
Cellulosic ethanol Cellulosic ethanol is a biofuel produced from wood, grasses, or the inedible parts of plants. It is a type of biofuel produced from lignocellulose, a structural material that comprises much of the mass of plants. Lignocellulose is composed mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Switchgrass and Miscanthus are the major biomass materials being studied today, due to their high productivity per acre. History[edit] The French chemist, Henri Braconnot, was the first to discover that cellulose could be hydrolyzed into sugars by treatment with sulfuric acid in 1819.[6] The hydrolyzed sugar could then be processed to form ethanol through fermentation. The first attempt at commercializing a process for ethanol from wood was done in Germany in 1898. With the rapid development of enzyme technologies in the last two decades, the acid hydrolysis process has gradually been replaced by enzymatic hydrolysis. US President George W. Production methods[edit] Cellulolysis (biological approach)[edit]
Hempcrete Construction block made from hempcrete However, the typical compressive strength is around 1 MPa,[4] around 1/20 that of residential grade concrete. Hempcrete walls must be used together with a frame of another material that supports the vertical load in building construction, as hempcrete's density is 15% that of traditional concrete.[5] Like other plant products, the hemp crop absorbs carbon dioxide gas as it grows, retaining the carbon and releasing the oxygen. 165 kg of carbon can be theoretically absorbed and locked up by 1 m3 of hempcrete wall over many decades.[6] References[edit] Jump up ^ Allin, Steve. External links[edit] Hemcrete application data from Limetechnology
Making Ethanol from Wood Chips Experimental methods for converting wood chips and grass into ethanol will soon be tested at production scale. Mascoma Corporation, based in Cambridge, MA, is building demonstration facilities that will have the capacity to produce about one-half to two million gallons of ethanol a year from waste biomass. The startup recently received $30 million in venture-capital money, which is fueling its scale-up plans. While Mascoma has not achieved its ultimate goal of using a single genetically engineered organism to convert wood chips and other cellulosic raw materials into ethanol, the company has developed genetically modified bacteria that can speed up part of the process of producing ethanol. The optimized process shows enough promise to invest in scaling up the technology, says Colin South, Mascoma’s president. Corn grain, the current source of ethanol in the United States, requires large amounts of land and energy to produce.