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Cecil Rhodes

Cecil Rhodes
Historian Richard A. McFarlane has called Rhodes "as integral a participant in southern African and British imperial history as George Washington or Abraham Lincoln are in their respective eras in United States history... Most histories of South Africa covering the last decades of the nineteenth century are contributions to the historiography of Cecil Rhodes Childhood[edit] England[edit] Rhodes was born in 1853 in Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire, England. Rhodes attended the Bishop's Stortford Grammar School from the age of nine, but, as a sickly, asthmatic adolescent, he was taken out of grammar school in 1869 and, according to Basil Williams,[6] "continued his studies under his father's eye...His health was weak and there were even fears that he might be consumptive, a disease of which several of the family showed symptoms. Rhodes as a boy South Africa[edit] In October 1871, 18-year-old Rhodes and his brother Herbert left the colony for the diamond fields of Kimberley. Education[edit] Related:  British Decolonization

Commonwealth of Nations The Commonwealth of Nations, commonly known as the Commonwealth (also, the British Commonwealth),[1] is an intergovernmental organisation of 53 member states[2] that were mostly territories of the former British Empire. The Commonwealth operates by intergovernmental consensus of the member states, organised through the Commonwealth Secretariat, and non-governmental organisations, organised through the Commonwealth Foundation.[3] The Commonwealth dates back to the mid 20th century with the decolonization of the British Empire through increased self-governance of its territories. It was formally constituted by the London Declaration in 1949, which established the member states as "free and equal".[4] The symbol of this free association is Queen Elizabeth II who is the Head of the Commonwealth. The Queen is also the monarch of 16 members of the Commonwealth, known as Commonwealth realms. Member states have no legal obligation one to another. History[edit] Origin[edit] Dominions[edit]

Wikiversity Black Narcissus Black Narcissus achieved acclaim for its pioneering technical mastery, with the cinematographer Jack Cardiff, shooting in vibrant colour, winning an Academy Award for Best Cinematography and a Golden Globe Award for Best Cinematography, and Alfred Junge winning an Academy Award for Best Art Direction. Plot summary[edit] Deviations from the novel[edit] David Farrar as Mr Dean While much of the film's dialogue is taken verbatim from the novel, the film does not follow the novel exactly. Cast[edit] Production[edit] Of the three principal Indian roles, only the Young General was played by an ethnic Indian; the roles of Kanchi and the Old General were performed by white actors in makeup. Deborah Kerr as Sister Clodagh For the costumes, Alfred Junge, the art director, had three main colour schemes. Lost scene[edit] Originally, the film was intended to end with an additional scene in which Sister Clodagh sobs and blames herself for the convent's failure to Mother Dorothea. Historical context[edit]

The annals of Manchester: a chronological record from the earliest times to the end of 1885 : Axon, William E. A. (William Edward Armytage), 1846-1913 Balfour Declaration The Balfour Declaration (dated 2 November 1917) was a letter from the United Kingdom's Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour to Baron Rothschild (Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild), a leader of the British Jewish community, for transmission to the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland. His Majesty's government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.[1] Background[edit] World War I[edit] In 1914, war broke out in Europe between the Triple Entente (Britain, France and the Russian Empire) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary and later that year, the Ottoman Empire). Zionism[edit] "Mr. Sykes–Picot Agreement[edit]

Grand Lodge - Scotland Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner KG GCB GCMG PC (23 March 1854 – 13 May 1925) was a British statesman and colonial administrator who played an influential leadership role in the formulation of foreign and domestic policy between the mid-1890s and early 1920s. He was also the key British Empire figure in the events leading up to and following the Anglo-Boer War of 1899–1902 and, while serving as High Commissioner, is additionally noted for mentoring a gathering of young members of the South African Civil Service, informally known as Milner's Kindergarten who, in some cases, themselves became important figures in administering the British Empire. In the later part of his life, from December 1916 to November 1918, he was one of the most important members of David Lloyd George's War Cabinet. Early life and education[edit] Journalism, politics and service in Egypt[edit] In South Africa[edit] Later in 1899, Milner would meet Violet Cecil, the wife of Major Lord Edward Cecil. Anglophilia[edit]

Freemasonry Freemasonry is a fraternal organisation that traces its origins to the local fraternities of stonemasons, which from the end of the fourteenth century regulated the qualifications of masons and their interaction with authorities and clients. The degrees of freemasonry, its gradal system, retain the three grades of medieval craft guilds, those of Apprentice, journeyman or fellow (now called Fellowcraft), and Master Mason. These are the degrees offered by craft, or blue lodge Freemasonry. There are additional degrees, which vary with locality and jurisdiction, and are now administered by different bodies than the craft degrees. The basic, local organisational unit of Freemasonry is the lodge. The lodges are usually supervised and governed at the regional level (usually coterminous with either a state, province, or national border) by a Grand Lodge or Grand Orient. Masonic Lodge Palazzo Roffia, Lodge in Italy set out for French (Moderns) ritual Ritual and symbolism Organisations of lodges

Ahmed Orabi Ahmed ‘Urabi (1882) Early life[edit] He was born in 1840[2] in the village of Hirriyat Razna near Zagazig in the Sharqia Governorate, approximately 80 kilometres to the north of Cairo.[3] ‘Urabi was the son of a village leader and one of the wealthier members of the community, which allowed him to receive a decent education. Protest against Tewfik[edit] He was a galvanizing speaker. He and his allies in the army joined with the reformers, and with the support of the peasants launched a broader effort to try to wrest Egypt and Sudan from foreign control, and also to end the absolutist regime of the Khedive, who was himself subject to Anglo-French control under the rules of the Caisse de la Dette Publique. Parliament planning[edit] ‘Urabi was first promoted to Bey, then made under-secretary of war, and ultimately a member of the cabinet. British intervention[edit] Exile and return[edit] ‘Urabi was tried by the restored Khedivate for rebellion on 3 December 1882. Legacy[edit] Quotes[edit]

Plantation of Ulster The counties of Ulster (modern boundaries) that were colonised during the plantations. This map is a simplified one, as the amount of land actually colonised did not cover the entire shaded area. King James wanted the Plantation to be "a civilising enterprise" that would settle Protestants in Ulster,[4] a land that was mainly Gaelic-speaking and of the Catholic faith. The Lord Deputy of Ireland, Arthur Chichester, also saw the Plantation as a scheme to anglicise the Irish.[5][non-primary source needed]Accordingly the colonists (or "British tenants")[6][7] were required to be English-speaking and Protestant.[8][9] Some of the undertakers and colonists however were Catholic and it has been suggested that a significant number of the Scots spoke Gaelic.[10][11][12] The Scottish colonists were mostly Presbyterian[6] and the English mostly members of the Church of England. The Plantation of Ulster was the biggest of the Plantations of Ireland. Ulster before plantation[edit]

Dominion Dominions are autonomous polities that were nominally under British sovereignty, constituting the British Empire and British Commonwealth, beginning in the later part of the 19th century.[1][2] They have included Canada, Australia, Pakistan, India, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), New Zealand, Newfoundland, South Africa, and the Irish Free State. The Balfour Declaration of 1926 recognized the Dominions as "autonomous Communities within the British Empire" and, in the decades afterward, the British dominions each became independent of the United Kingdom. Those that became sovereign constitutional monarchies within the Commonwealth of Nations and maintained as their own the same royal house and royal succession from before independence became known after the year 1953 as Commonwealth realms. Earlier usage of "dominion" to refer to a particular territory dates back to the 16th century and was sometimes used to describe Wales from 1535 to around 1800. Definition[edit] Historical development[edit]

The Honourable The Irish Society The Honourable The Irish Society, commonly known as The Irish Society,[1] is the organisation created by royal charter consisting of members nominated by livery companies of the City of London, set up to colonise County Londonderry during the plantation of Ulster. Notably it was involved in the construction of the city of Londonderry, where it continues to own the City Walls. It was also particularly active in the town of Coleraine. History[edit] Following the end of the primary conflict between the British monarchy and the Celtic chieftains of Ireland with the flight of the Earls in 1607, James I of Ireland set out to defend against a future attack from within or without. The Society financed the building of the Guildhall, Derry. References[edit] External links[edit] The Irish Society

Dominion of Newfoundland The Union Flag was adopted by the legislature as the official national flag of the Dominion of Newfoundland on 15 May 1931, before which time the Newfoundland Red Ensign, as civil ensign of Newfoundland, was used as the national flag (though not officially adopted by the legislature).[3] Political origins[edit] The Newfoundland Blue Ensign, colonial flag from 1870 to 1904 In 1854 the British government established Newfoundland's responsible government.[4] In 1855, Philip Francis Little, a native of Prince Edward Island, won a parliamentary majority over Sir Hugh Hoyles and the Conservatives. It remained a colony until acquiring dominion status in 1907 after the 1907 Imperial Conference decided to confer dominion status on all self-governing colonies.[5] First World War and after[edit] Map of Newfoundland in 1912 The Newfoundland Red Ensign, civil flag from 1907 to 1931 Newfoundland's own regiment, the 1st Newfoundland Regiment, fought in the First World War. Second World War[edit] [edit]

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