Iowa Electronic Markets Iowa Electronic Market for 2008 Democratic National Primary. The Obama spike in February is a result of Super Tuesday. The Iowa Electronic Markets (IEM) are a group of real-money prediction markets/futures markets operated by the University of Iowa Tippie College of Business. The IEM allows traders to buy and sell contracts based on, among other things, political election results and economic indicators. The IEM has often been used to predict the results of political elections with a greater accuracy than traditional polls.[1][2][3][4] A precursor to the IEM was the Iowa Political Stock Market (IPSM), invented by George Neumann, and was developed by Robert E. How it works[edit] Here are examples of contracts that the IEM traded, beginning June 6, 2006, concerning the 2008 U.S. $1 if the Democratic Party nominee receives the majority of popular votes cast for the two major parties in the 2008 U.S. On the first trading day in January, 2007, the DEM08_WTA contract sold for 52.2 cents.
Harvard - Online Data Sources Online Data Sources Political Governance Stability Corruption Freedom and human rights Social United Nations Population Health Ethnic groups Religion Quality of life Socio-economic Economic General Income Resources – natural, food, water, sanitation Economic freedom Development Global investment Security Armed conflict Military balance Conflict data Disaster security See also: Key to source classifications Political ( ^ ) Worldwide Governance Indicators – World Bank {ind} Indicators, reports, data, and comparisons over time and between countries available. Indicators available: Voice and Accountability Political Stability Government Effectiveness Regulatory Quality Rule of Law Control of Corruption Data format: Online search, table and charting interface 212 countries (includes all Muslim countries). Polity IV Datasets – Center for Systemic Peace {ind} Data format: Excel, SPSS
The Use of Knowledge in Society "The Use of Knowledge in Society" is a scholarly article written by economist Friedrich Hayek, first published in the September 1945 issue of The American Economic Review.[1][2] Written (along with The Meaning of Competition) as a rebuttal to fellow economist Oskar R. Lange and his endorsement of a planned economy, it was included among the twelve essays in Hayek's 1948 compendium Individualism and Economic Order.[3] Argument[edit] Hayek's article argues against the establishment of a Central Pricing Board (advocated by Lange) by highlighting the dynamic and organic nature of market price-fluctuations, and the benefits of this phenomenon.[4] He asserts that a centrally planned economy could never match the efficiency of the open market because what is known by a single agent is only a small fraction of the sum total of knowledge held by all members of society. Reception[edit] Influence[edit] See also[edit] References[edit]
Knapsack problem Example of a one-dimensional (constraint) knapsack problem: which boxes should be chosen to maximize the amount of money while still keeping the overall weight under or equal to 15 kg? A multiple constrained problem could consider both the weight and volume of the boxes. (Answer: if any number of each box is available, then three yellow boxes and three grey boxes; if only the shown boxes are available, then all but the green box.) The knapsack problem or rucksack problem is a problem in combinatorial optimization: Given a set of items, each with a mass and a value, determine the number of each item to include in a collection so that the total weight is less than or equal to a given limit and the total value is as large as possible. The problem often arises in resource allocation where there are financial constraints and is studied in fields such as combinatorics, computer science, complexity theory, cryptography and applied mathematics. Applications[edit] Definition[edit] Let there be to .
Public Data Explorer Indicateurs de développement humain Rapport sur le développement humain 2013, Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement Les données utilisées pour calculer l'Indice de développement humain (IDH) et autres indices composites présentés dans le Rapport sur le développement humain ... Eurostat, Indicateurs démographiques Eurostat Indicateurs démographiques annuels. Chômage en Europe (données mensuelles) données sur le chômage harmonisé pour les pays européens. Salaire minimum en Europe Salaire mensuel brut minimum en euros ou parités de pouvoir d'achat, données semi-annuelles. Dette publique en Europe Statistiques sur les finances publiques des pays européens.
Bluff (poker) Tactic in poker and other card games A game of Texas hold 'em in progress. "Hold 'em" is a popular form of poker. A pure bluff, or stone-cold bluff, is a bet or raise with an inferior hand that has little or no chance of improving. In games with multiple betting rounds, to bluff on one round with an inferior or drawing hand that might improve in a later round is called a semi-bluff. Bluffing may be more effective in some circumstances than others. The opponent's current state of mind should be taken into consideration when bluffing. Optimal bluffing also requires that the bluffs must be performed in such a manner that opponents cannot tell when a player is bluffing or not. Here is an example for the game of Texas Hold'em, from The Theory of Poker: when I bet my $100, creating a $300 pot, my opponent was getting 3-to-1 odds from the pot. Ex: On the last betting round (river), Worm has been betting a "semi-bluff" drawing hand with: A♠ K♠ on the board: 10♠ 9♣ 2♠ 4♣ against Mike's A♣ 10♦ hand.
Optimization problem Continuous optimization problem[edit] The standard form of a (continuous) optimization problem is[1] where is the objective function to be minimized over the variable , are called inequality constraints, and are called equality constraints. By convention, the standard form defines a minimization problem. Combinatorial optimization problem[edit] Formally, a combinatorial optimization problem is a quadruple , where is a set of instances;given an instance , is the set of feasible solutions;given an instance and a feasible solution of , denotes the measure of , which is usually a positive real. is the goal function, and is either or . The goal is then to find for some instance an optimal solution, that is, a feasible solution with For each combinatorial optimization problem, there is a corresponding decision problem that asks whether there is a feasible solution for some particular measure which contains vertices and , an optimization problem might be "find a path from to that uses the fewest edges".
Confidence Intervals In statistical inference, one wishes to estimate population parameters using observed sample data. A confidence interval gives an estimated range of values which is likely to include an unknown population parameter, the estimated range being calculated from a given set of sample data. (Definition taken from Valerie J. Easton and John H. McColl's Statistics Glossary v1.1) The common notation for the parameter in question is . , which is estimated through the The level C of a confidence interval gives the probability that the interval produced by the method employed includes the true value of the parameter Example Suppose a student measuring the boiling temperature of a certain liquid observes the readings (in degrees Celsius) 102.5, 101.7, 103.1, 100.9, 100.5, and 102.2 on 6 different samples of the liquid. In other words, the student wishes to estimate the true mean boiling temperature of the liquid using the results of his measurements. ). For a population with unknown mean + z* . . + t*
Fresh & Easy Fresh & Easy Neighborhood Market was a chain of grocery stores in the western United States, headquartered in El Segundo, California.[1] It was a subsidiary of Tesco, the world's third largest retailer, based in the United Kingdom,[2] until November 2013 when it was purchased by Yucaipa Companies.[3] It had plans for rapid growth – the first stores opened in November 2007 and, after a pause in the second quarter of 2008, the opening program recommenced. On October 30, 2015, Fresh & Easy filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy for the second time in two years.[8] History[edit] On February 9, 2006, Tesco announced that it planned to move into the United States by opening a chain of small format grocery stores in three Western states (Arizona, California and Nevada) in 2007 named Fresh & Easy.[9] The initial planned capital expenditure was up to £250m ($436m) per year. Closure[edit] On October 21, 2015, Fresh & Easy announced it was closing all of its stores. On November 20, 2015, the U.S. Arizona
Journal of Theoretical Biology : The promise of Mechanical Turk: How online labor markets can help theorists run behavioral experiments Volume 299, 21 April 2012, Pages 172–179 Evolution of Cooperation Edited By Martin Nowak Abstract Combining evolutionary models with behavioral experiments can generate powerful insights into the evolution of human behavior. Keywords Evolutionary game theory; Experimental economics; Cooperation; Internet; Economic games Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. MDG data Tesco British multinational retail groceries company Tesco plc () is a British multinational groceries and general merchandise retailer headquartered in Welwyn Garden City, England.[8] In 2011, it was the third-largest retailer in the world measured by gross revenues[9][10] and the ninth-largest in the world measured by revenues. It has shops in Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia. Tesco is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. History Origins Expansion During the 1950s and 1960s, Tesco grew organically, and also through acquisitions, until it owned more than 800 shops.[19] The company purchased 70 Williamson's shops (1957), 200 Harrow Stores outlets (1959), 212 Irwins shops (1960), 97 Charles Phillips shops (1964) and the Victor Value chain (1968) (sold to Bejam in 1986).[19][20] In May 1987, Tesco completed its hostile takeover of the Hillards chain of 40 supermarkets in the North of England for £220 million.[22] 2010s
HMV Public entertainment retailing company HMV is a UK-based music and film retailer. The first HMV-branded store was opened by the Gramophone Company on Oxford Street in 1921, and the HMV name was also used for television and radio sets manufactured from the 1930s onwards. The retail side of the business began to expand in the 1960s, and in 1998 was divested from EMI, the successor to the Gramophone Company, to form what would become HMV Group.[citation needed] HMV stands for His Master's Voice, the title of a painting by Francis Barraud of Nipper, the mixed Terrier listening to a cylinder phonograph, which was bought by the Gramophone Company in 1899.[2] For advertising purposes this was changed to a wind-up gramophone, and eventually used simply as a silhouette. HMV Canada is a former subsidiary which was sold to Hilco by the HMV Group in 2011. From 22 March 2020 to 15 June 2020, all HMV stores were closed because of the Covid-19 pandemic.[14] History[edit] Origins[edit] Expansion[edit]