Thinis Due to its ancient heritage, Thinis remained a significant religious centre, housing the tomb and mummy of the regional deity. In ancient Egyptian religious cosmology, as seen (for example) in the Book of the Dead, Thinis played a role as a mythical place in heaven.[1] Although the precise location of Thinis is unknown, mainstream Egyptological consensus places it in the vicinity of ancient Abydos and modern Girga.[2][3][4] Name and location[edit] The name Thinis is derived from Manetho's use of the adjective Thinite to describe the pharaoh Menes.[5] Although the corresponding Thinis does not appear in Greek, it is demanded by the Egyptian original[2] and is the more popular name among Egyptologists.[5][6] This is also suggested.[7] History[edit] Nearby Abydos (Osireion pictured), after ceding its political rank to Thinis, remained an important religious centre. Pre-dynastic and Early Dynastic periods[edit] Old Kingdom[edit] New Kingdom and Late Period[edit] Religion[edit] References[edit]
Meidum Located about 100 km south of modern Cairo, Meidum or Maidum (Arabic: ميدوم) is the location of a large pyramid, and several large mud-brick mastabas. Pyramid[edit] The structure of the pyramid Passageway in the Meidum Pyramid The pyramid at Meidum is thought to have been originally built for Huni, the last pharaoh of the Third Dynasty, and was continued by Sneferu. The architect was a successor to the famous Imhotep, the inventor of the stone built pyramid. The second extension turned the original step pyramid design into a true pyramid by filling in the steps with limestone encasing. Another view of Meidum Pyramid Some[who?] By the time it was investigated by Napoleon's Expedition in 1799 the Meidum Pyramid had its present 3 steps. Excavations[edit] The Meidum Pyramid was excavated by John Shae Perring in 1837, Lepsius in 1843 and then by Flinders Petrie later in the nineteenth century, who located the mortuary temple, facing to the east. Mortuary Temple of Meidum Pyramid Mastabas[edit]
Red Pyramid The Red Pyramid was not always red. It used to be cased with white Tura limestone, but only a few of these stones now remain at the pyramid's base, at the corner. During the Middle Ages much of the white Tura limestone was taken for buildings in Cairo, revealing the durable reddish granite stone beneath. Isometric, plan and elevation images of the Red Pyramid Complex taken from a 3d model This pyramid forms the third largest granite building in the whole world to the present. History[edit] Comparison of approximate profiles of Red Pyramid with some notable pyramidal or near-pyramidal buildings. Archaeologists speculate its design may be an outcome of engineering crises experienced during the construction of Sneferu's two earlier pyramids. Modern day[edit] Detail of the massive corbel-vaulted ceiling of the main burial chamber The Red Pyramid, along with the Bent Pyramid, was closed to tourists for many years because of a nearby army camp. See also[edit] References[edit] Romer, John (2007).
5.9 kiloyear event The 5.9 kiloyear event was one of the most intense aridification events during the Holocene Epoch. It occurred around 3900 BC (5,900 years BP), ending the Neolithic Subpluvial and probably initiated the most recent desiccation of the Sahara desert. Cause[edit] Effects[edit] In the Middle East the 5.9 kiloyear event contributed to the abrupt end of the Ubaid period.[7] It was associated with an abandonment of unwalled villages and the rapid growth of hierarchically structured walled cities, and in the Jemdet Nasr period, with the first book-keeping scripts. See also[edit] References[edit]
Imhotep Statuette of Imhotep in the Louvre Chancellor of the King of Egypt, Doctor, First in line after the King of Upper Egypt, Administrator of the Great Palace, Hereditary nobleman, High Priest of Heliopolis, Builder, Chief Carpenter, Chief Sculptor, and Maker of Vases in Chief. He was one of only a few commoners ever to be accorded divine status after death. The center of his cult was Memphis. Attribution of achievements and inventions[edit] Architecture and engineering[edit] Pyramid of Djoser Medicine[edit] Imhotep was an important figure in Ancient Egyptian medicine. 27 head injuries (cases #1-27)6 throat and neck injuries (cases #28-33)2 injuries to the clavicle (collarbone) (cases #34-35)3 injuries to the arm (cases #36-38)8 injuries to the sternum (breastbone) and ribs (cases #39-44)1 tumour and 1 abscess of the breast (cases #45-46)1 injury to the shoulder (case #47)1 injury to the spine (case #48) [13] Descriptions of Imhotep by James Henry Breasted et al Deification[edit] Birth myths[edit]
Muhammad Ali of Egypt Muhammad Ali Pasha al-Mas'ud ibn Agha (Ottoman Turkish: محمد علی پاشا المسعود بن آغا; Arabic: محمد علي باشا / ALA-LC: Muḥammad ‘Alī Bāshā; Albanian: Mehmet Ali Pasha; Turkish: Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Paşa;[2] 4 March 1769 – 2 August 1849) was a commander in the Ottoman army, who became Wāli, and self-declared Khedive of Egypt and Sudan with the Ottoman's temporary approval. Though not a modern nationalist, he is regarded as the founder of modern Egypt because of the dramatic reforms in the military, economic and cultural spheres that he instituted. He also ruled Levantine territories outside Egypt. Muhammad or Mehmed/Mehmet[edit] The spelling of Muhammad Ali's first name in both Arabic, and Ottoman Turkish was consistent: محمد (Muhammad). Early life[edit] Muhammad Ali's birthplace in Kavala, now in northeastern Greece. Mamluk cavalryman Sultan Selim III could not oppose Muhammad Ali’s ascension. Massacre of the Mamelukes at the Cairo citadel. Reforming Egypt[edit] Military campaigns[edit]
Mount Sinai Mount Sinai (Arabic: طور سيناء Ṭūr Sīnāʼ or جبل موسى Jabal Mūsá ; Egyptian Arabic: Gabal Mūsa, lit. "Moses' Mountain" or "Mount Moses"; Hebrew: הר סיני Har Sinai), also known as Mount Horeb, is a mountain in the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt that is a possible location of the biblical Mount Sinai. The latter is mentioned many times in the Book of Exodus in the Torah, the Bible,[1] and the Quran.[2] According to Jewish, Christian and Islamic tradition, the biblical Mount Sinai was the place where Moses received the Ten Commandments. Geography[edit] Mount Sinai is a 2,285-metre (7,497 ft) moderately high mountain near the city of Saint Catherine in the Sinai region. Geology[edit] Religious significance[edit] Mount Sinai depicted on Georgian manuscript. A Greek Orthodox Chapel at the top of Mount Sinai A small Mosque at the top of Mount Sinai The biblical Mount Sinai was one of the most important sacred places in the Abrahamic religions. Saint Catherine's Monastery[edit] Ascent[edit] Sunrise on Mt.
Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul Ib (heart)[edit] To ancient Egyptians, the heart was the seat of emotion, thought, will and intention. This is evidenced by the many expressions in the Egyptian language which incorporate the word ib, Awt-ib: happiness (literally, wideness of heart), Xak-ib: estranged (literally, truncated of heart). This word was transcribed by Wallis Budge as Ab. In Egyptian religion, the heart was the key to the afterlife. It was conceived as surviving death in the nether world, where it gave evidence for, or against, its possessor. Sheut (shadow)[edit] A person's shadow or silhouette, Sheut (šwt in Egyptian), is always present. The shadow was also representative to Egyptians of a figure of death, or servant of Anubis, and was depicted graphically as a small human figure painted completely black. Ren (name)[edit] Ba[edit] Ba takes the form of a bird with a human head. The 'Ba' (bꜣ) was everything that makes an individual unique, similar to the notion of 'personality'. Ka[edit] Akh[edit] Akh glyph Notes[edit]