Neuroscience Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system.[1] Traditionally, neuroscience has been seen as a branch of biology. However, it is currently an interdisciplinary science that collaborates with other fields such as chemistry, computer science, engineering, linguistics, mathematics, medicine and allied disciplines, philosophy, physics, and psychology. It also exerts influence on other fields, such as neuroeducation[2] and neurolaw. The term neurobiology is usually used interchangeably with the term neuroscience, although the former refers specifically to the biology of the nervous system, whereas the latter refers to the entire science of the nervous system. Because of the increasing number of scientists who study the nervous system, several prominent neuroscience organizations have been formed to provide a forum to all neuroscientists and educators. History[edit] The study of the nervous system dates back to ancient Egypt. Modern neuroscience[edit] Human nervous system
Autobiographical memory Autobiographical memory is a memory system consisting of episodes recollected from an individual's life, based on a combination of episodic (personal experiences and specific objects, people and events experienced at particular time and place) and semantic (general knowledge and facts about the world) memory.[1] Formation[edit] Conway and Pleydell-Pearce (2000) proposed that autobiographical memory is constructed within a self-memory system (SMS), a conceptual model composed of an autobiographical knowledge base and the working self.[2] Autobiographical knowledge base The autobiographical knowledge base contains knowledge of the self, used to provide information on what the self is, what the self was, and what the self can be.[3] This information is categorized into three broad areas: lifetime periods, general events, and event-specific knowledge.[2] Hierarchical structure of the autobiographical knowledge base Types[edit] Functions[edit] Memory perspectives[edit] Cultural effects[edit]
Building a 21st Century Broadband Superhighway U.S. technological leadership is in a state of decline. Once the unequivocal frontrunner in information technology and telecommunications, the U.S. has fallen from 1st to between 15th and 21st in the world in terms of broadband access, adoption, speeds and prices. The most recent data from OECD (through June 2008) underscores the fact that the U.S. broadband penetration ranking remains stagnant.[i] Such a dramatic decline has prompted calls for a "broadband Apollo project," a nation-wide initiative to build advanced fiber-optic communications infrastructure to connect every community, constituency, and interested individual in the country. Although members of Congress and the incoming Obama administration have all expressed interest in a national effort to promote universal broadband, the discussion thus far has lacked a coherent means to correct the current market failures and keep pace as other nations have raced ahead. The Challenge The Solution The Benefits The Key Elements Conclusion
Cell (biology) The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room"[1]) is the basic structural, functional and biological unit of all known living organisms. Cells are the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently, and are often called the "building blocks of life". The study of cells is called cell biology. The cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665. The cell theory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, that all cells come from preexisting cells, that vital functions of an organism occur within cells, and that all cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells.[5] Cells emerged on Earth at least 3.5 billion years ago.[6][7][8] Anatomy There are two types of cells, eukaryotes, which contain a nucleus, and prokaryotes, which do not. Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells Subcellular components Membrane
Neurology Neurology (from Greek Greek: νεῦρον, neuron' "nerve" and the suffix -λογία -logia "study of") is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system. To be specific, neurology deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the central and peripheral nervous system; or, the equivalent meaning, the autonomic nervous systems and the somatic nervous systems, including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue, such as muscle.[1] A neurologist is a physician specializing in neurology and trained to investigate, or diagnose and treat neurological disorders.[2] Neurologists may also be involved in clinical research, and clinical trials, as well as basic research and translational research. Scope[edit] A large number of neurological disorders have been described. Training[edit] Polish neurologist Edward Flatau greatly influenced the developing field of neurology. Physical examination[edit] Clinical tasks[edit]
Facebook Looking Into Buying Drone Maker Titan Aerospace Facebook, one of the primary backers of the Internet.org initiative, which aims to bring affordable Internet access to the 5 billion people in the world who still lack connectivity, is in talks with a company that could help further that agenda. TechCrunch is hearing that Facebook is buying Titan Aerospace, makers of near-orbital, solar-powered drones which can fly for five years without needing to land. According to a source with access to information about the deal, the price for this acquisition is $60 million*. From our understanding, Facebook is interested in using these high-flying drones to blanket parts of the world without Internet access, beginning with Africa. You can see an example of these UAVs, first introduced last year, here on YouTube. Titan Aerospace is a privately held venture with R&D facilities in New Mexico. Titan is currently led by CEO Vern Raburn, previously founder and CEO of Eclipse Aviation. Facebook’s acquisition of Onavo could lend a hand, too.
Zoology Zoology (/zoʊˈɒlədʒi/, zoh AHL uh jee) or animal biology, is the branch of biology that relates to the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct. The term is derived from Ancient Greek ζῷον, zōon, i.e. "animal" and λόγος, logos, i.e. "knowledge, study".[1] History[edit] Ancient history to Darwin[edit] The history of zoology traces the study of the animal kingdom from ancient to modern times. Over the 18th and 19th centuries, zoology became an increasingly professional scientific discipline. Post-Darwin[edit] These developments, as well as the results from embryology and paleontology, were synthesized in Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. Research[edit] Structural[edit] Physiological[edit] Animal anatomical engraving from Handbuch der Anatomie der Tiere für Künstler. Evolutionary[edit] Systematics[edit] Many scientists now consider the five-kingdom system outdated.
Neuroanatomy Anatomy of the human brain. Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. History[edit] Composition[edit] At the tissue level, the nervous system is composed of neurons, glial cells, and extracellular matrix.
Group B Strep: Guidelines for Pregnancy | Prenatal Yoga Center Blog This blog entry was recently given to me from a New York City Midwife. The topic of Group B Strep is often confusing to people and not usually explained very well. I invite you to read about what Group B Strep is and how you can prevent it. I hope you enjoy! Group B Streptococci (GBS, Group B strep, Beta Strep) can be present asymptomatically in the vagina. What is the risk? If recurrent prematurity has been a problem for the mother or a urinary tract infection (UTI) is present, a culture may be done to determine if strep B is present. If the client has a past medical history with a baby who was ill from Group B strep, or had a UTI with Group B strep, membranes ruptured more than 18 hours, this baby is less than 37 weeks gestation, then the risk to this baby is higher. Babies and Infection Risk Factors that increase the likelihood of infection for the baby: 1. In a hospital, if strep is present, the baby is cultured immediately after birth. What if the above treatment does not work? 1. 2.
Why this crab's blood could save your life Nearly 50 years ago, scientists discovered the horseshoe crab's clotting-response to bacterial toxins. Now, its blood is harvested in huge quantities, to be used in a test to ensure medical products are not contaminated. Charles River Laboratories manufactures the tests, and is working to raise awareness about the importance of this prehistoric species and the need to protect them. The company helped pass landmark legislation to protect the horseshoe crab in South Carolina, a key spawning ground where it collects crabs. Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL), a reagent which is extracted from the horseshoe crab's blue blood, can detect just one picogram of harmful bacterial endotoxin per milliliter -- equivalent to one grain of sand in an Olympic-size pool. More than 600,000 crabs are captured each year to "donate" around 30% of their blood. Once part of their blood has been collected the crabs are returned to the sea. Life-saving crab Prehistoric species Blue blood Harvesting crabs by hand