Artificial intelligence AI research is highly technical and specialized, and is deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other.[5] Some of the division is due to social and cultural factors: subfields have grown up around particular institutions and the work of individual researchers. AI research is also divided by several technical issues. Some subfields focus on the solution of specific problems. Others focus on one of several possible approaches or on the use of a particular tool or towards the accomplishment of particular applications. The central problems (or goals) of AI research include reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, natural language processing (communication), perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.[6] General intelligence is still among the field's long-term goals.[7] Currently popular approaches include statistical methods, computational intelligence and traditional symbolic AI. History[edit] Research[edit] Goals[edit] Planning[edit] Logic-based
Shield AI Defense Technology Startup Shield AI is an American aerospace and defense technology company based in San Diego, California. It develops artificial intelligence-powered drones, aircraft, and software to assist defense operations. The company’s small-unmanned aircraft system (sUAS) Nova became the first AI-powered drone to be deployed for defense purposes in US military history. History[edit] Shield AI was founded as a defense and artificial intelligence technology startup by Brandon Tseng, his brother Ryan Tseng, and Andrew Reiter in San Diego, California in 2015.[1][2] According to David Ignatius, writing for The Washington Post, ex-Navy SEAL Brandon got the startup idea while fighting in Afghanistan. In 2016, Shield AI received its first contract, one from the US Department of Defense’s Defense Innovation Unit (DIU) autonomy program. In 2022, the company opened an office in the United Arab Emirates under retired Navy SEAL vice-admiral Bob Harward.[13] Technology[edit] Recognition[edit]
Optics Optics is the branch of physics which involves the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it.[1] Optics usually describes the behaviour of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. Because light is an electromagnetic wave, other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves exhibit similar properties.[1] Some phenomena depend on the fact that light has both wave-like and particle-like properties. Explanation of these effects requires quantum mechanics. Optical science is relevant to and studied in many related disciplines including astronomy, various engineering fields, photography, and medicine (particularly ophthalmology and optometry). History[edit] Optics began with the development of lenses by the ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians. Alhazen(Ibn al-Haytham), "the father of Optics" [9] Cover of the first edition of Newton's Opticks Classical optics[edit] . where and
Specialty engineering From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In the domain of systems engineering, Specialty Engineering is defined as and includes the engineering disciplines that are not typical of the main engineering effort. More common engineering efforts in systems engineering such as hardware, software, and human factors engineering may be used as major elements in a majority of systems engineering efforts and therefore are not viewed as "special". Examples of specialty engineering include electromagnetic interference, safety, and physical security.[1] Less common engineering domains such as electromagnetic interference, electrical grounding, safety, security, electrical power filtering/uninterruptible supply, manufacturability, and environmental engineering may be included in systems engineering efforts where they have been identified to address special system implementations. Specialty engineering may be cited by commercial entities and others to specify their unique abilities. Eisner, Howard. (2002).
Electronics Electronics deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive interconnection technologies. Commonly, electronic devices contain circuitry consisting primarily or exclusively of active semiconductors supplemented with passive elements; such a circuit is described as an electronic circuit. The nonlinear behaviour of active components and their ability to control electron flows makes amplification of weak signals possible and electronics is widely used in information processing, telecommunication, and signal processing. Today, most electronic devices use semiconductor components to perform electron control. Electronic devices and components[edit] Early electronic components[edit] Vacuum tubes (Thermionic valves) were one of the earliest electronic components. Types of circuits[edit] Circuits and components can be divided into two groups: analog and digital. Analog circuits[edit]
Sports engineering Sports engineering is a sub-discipline of engineering that applies math and science to develop technology, equipment, and other resources as they pertain to sport. Sports engineering was first introduced by Isaac Newton’s observation of a tennis ball.[1] In the mid-twentieth century, Howard Head became one of the first engineers to apply engineering principles to improve sports equipment.[2] Starting in 1999, the biannual international conference for sports engineering was established to commemorate achievements in the field.[3] Presently, the journal “Sports Engineering” details the innovations and research projects that sports engineers are working on.[3] The study of sports engineering requires an understanding of a variety of engineering topics, including physics, mechanical engineering, materials science, and biomechanics.[4] Many practitioners hold degrees in those topics rather than in sports engineering specifically. Computational modeling [edit] Applications and research
Nuclear technology A residential smoke detector is the most familiar piece of nuclear technology for some people Nuclear technology is technology that involves the reactions of atomic nuclei. Among the notable nuclear technologies are nuclear reactors, nuclear medicine and nuclear weapons. It is used in smoke detectors and gun sights. History and scientific background[edit] Discovery[edit] The vast majority of common, natural phenomena on Earth only involve gravity and electromagnetism, and not nuclear reactions. In 1896, Henri Becquerel was investigating phosphorescence in uranium salts when he discovered a new phenomenon which came to be called radioactivity.[1] He, Pierre Curie and Marie Curie began investigating the phenomenon. The new phenomenon of radioactivity was seized upon by the manufacturers of quack medicine (as had the discoveries of electricity and magnetism, earlier), and a number of patent medicines and treatments involving radioactivity were put forward. Fission[edit] Fusion[edit]
Sanitary engineering Application of engineering methods to sanitation of human communities Engineering portal Sanitary engineering or sanitation engineering, also known as public health engineering or wastewater engineering, is the application of engineering methods to improve sanitation of human communities, primarily by providing the removal and disposal of human waste, and in addition to the supply of safe potable water. It is also concerned with environmental factors that do not have an immediate and clearly understood effect on public health. Skills within this field are usually employed for the primary goal of disease prevention within human beings by assuring a supply of healthy drinking water, treatment of waste water, and removal of garbage from inhabited areas. As populations grew, the management of human waste became a growing concern and a public health threat. Sanitation in the 1900's [edit] Sanitation in the United States California/Counties Job description and typical tasks