# Properties of The Six Trigonometric Functions

The properties of the 6 trigonometric functions: sin (x), cos (x), tan(x), cot (x), sec (x) and csc (x) are discussed. These include the graph, domain, range, asymptotes (if any), symmetry, x and y intercepts and maximum and minimum points. Sine Function : f(x) = sin (x) Graph Domain: all real numbers Range: [-1 , 1] Period = 2pi x intercepts: x = k pi , where k is an integer. y intercepts: y = 0 maximum points: (pi/2 + 2 k pi , 1) , where k is an integer. minimum points: (3pi/2 + 2 k pi , -1) , where k is an integer. symmetry: since sin(-x) = - sin (x) then sin (x) is an odd function and its graph is symmetric with respect to the origin (0 , 0). intervals of increase/decrease: over one period and from 0 to 2pi, sin (x) is increasing on the intervals (0 , pi/2) and (3pi/2 , 2pi), and decreasing on the interval (pi/2 , 3pi/2). Cosine Function : f(x) = cos (x) Graph Tangent Function : f(x) = tan (x) Graph Domain: all real numbers except pi/2 + k pi, k is an integer. Graph Graph Graph More on

Lesson HOW TO - Solve Trigonometric equations Introduction The solution of trigonometric equations is one topic that students have particular problems with. There are a few reasons for this: 1. there is usually a simplify part first that requires use of some TRIG identities. 2. there is the use of RADIANS rather than degrees, for which some students are not at ease with. 3. there is the repetitive aspect of TRIG functions that students find bewildering. All in all, a potentially daunting topic. Solving the TRIG Equation Of the 3 topics listed above, I am concentrating on part 3, here in this Lesson. First thing, when solving a TRIG equation, is to understand or accept that each of SINE, COSINE and TANGENT have 2 angles that will satisfy the given equation within any 360 degree range. If we have multiples, such as cos(2x), then we also multiply up the possible number of solutions. sin(x) --> 2 solutions sin(2x) --> 4 solutions sin(3x) --> 6 solutions sin(4x) --> 8 solutions sin(5x) --> 10 solutions etc Look at the following lines: 1.

Amplitude and Period Amplitude and Period Learning Objective(s) · Understand amplitude and period. · Graph the sine function with changes in amplitude and period. · Graph the cosine function with changes in amplitude and period. · Match a sine or cosine function to its graph and vice versa. You know how to graph the functions and . or , where a and b are constants. We used the variable previously to show an angle in standard position, and we also referred to the sine and cosine functions as . for the input (as well as to label the horizontal axis). . You know that the graphs of the sine and cosine functions have a pattern of hills and valleys that repeat. . (or ) on the interval looks like the graph on the interval . The graph below shows four repetitions of a pattern of length . is on the interval is one cycle. You know from graphing quadratic functions of the form that as you changed the value of a you changed the “width” of the graph. and see how changes to b will affect the graph. periodic, and if so, what is the period?

Amplitude, Period, Phase Shift and Frequency Some functions (like Sine and Cosine) repeat forever and are called Periodic Functions. The Period is the length from one peak to the next (or from any point to the next matching point): The Amplitude is the height from the center line to the peak (or to the trough). Or we can measure the height from highest to lowest points and divide that by 2. The Phase Shift is how far the function is horizontally to the right of the usual position. The Vertical Shift is how far the function is vertically from the usual position. All Together Now! We can have all of them in one equation: y = A sin(Bx + C) + D amplitude is A period is 2π/B phase shift is −C/B vertical shift is D Example: sin(x) This is the basic unchanged sine formula. So amplitude is 1, period is 2π, there is no phase shift or vertical shift: Example: 2 sin(4x − 2) + 3 amplitude A = 2 period 2π/B = 2π/4 = π/2 phase shift −C/B = −(−2)/4 = 1/2 vertical shift D = 3 In words: Note the Phase Shift formula −C/B has a minus sign: And we get: Frequency

Amplitude, Period and Frequency Learning Objectives Calculate the amplitude and period of a sine or cosine curve. Calculate the frequency of a sine or cosine wave. Graph transformations of sine and cosine waves involving changes in amplitude and period (frequency). Amplitude The amplitude of a wave is basically a measure of its height. , the wave is centered on the axis and the farthest away it gets (in either direction) from the axis is 1 unit. So the amplitude of (and ) is 1. Recall how to transform a linear function, like . value, you may remember that the slope of the graph affects the steepness of the line. The same is true of a parabolic function, such as , the graph would be either wider or narrower. , has the same parabolic shape but it has been “smooshed,” or looks wider, so that it increases or decreases at a lower rate than the graph of No matter the basic function; linear, parabolic, or trigonometric, the same principle holds. Look at the graphs of and Notice that the amplitude of is now 2. . Example 2: Graph . or . .

SOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS Note: If you would like a review of trigonometry, click on trigonometry. Example 1: Solve for x in the following equation. There are an infinite number of solutions to this problem. First isolate the cosine term. To solve for x, we have to isolate x. Let's restrict the domain so the function is one-to-one on the restricted domain while preserving the original range. If we restrict the domain of the cosine function to that interval , we can take the arccosine of both sides of each equation. The angle x is the reference angle. Therefore, if , then The period of equals and the period of , this means other solutions exists every units. where n is an integer. The approximate values of these solutions are You can check each solution algebraically by substituting each solution in the original equation. You can also check the solutions graphically by graphing the function formed by subtracting the right side of the original equation from the left side of the original equation. Algebraic Check: Left Side:

Solving Trigonometric Equations Solving Trigonometric Equations (page 1 of 2) Solving trig equations use both the reference angles you've memorized and a lot of the algebra you've learned. Be prepared to need to think! Solve sin(x) + 2 = 3 for 0° < x < 360° Just as with linear equations, I'll first isolate the variable-containing term: sin(x) + 2 = 3 sin(x) = 1 Now I'll use the reference angles I've memorized: x = 90° Solve tan2(x) + 3 = 0 for 0° < x < 360° There's the temptation to quickly recall that the tangent of 60° involves the square root of 3 and slap down an answer, but this equation doesn't actually have a solution: tan2(x) = –3 How can the square of a trig function evaluate to a negative number? no solution Solve on 0° < x < 360° To solve this, I need to do some simple factoring: Now that I've done the algebra, I can do the trig. x = 30°, 90°, 270°, 330° Copyright © Elizabeth Stapel 2010-2011 All Rights Reserved Solve sin2(x) – sin(x) = 2 on 0° < x < 360° Only one of the factor solutions is sensible. x = 270° Hmm...

Basic Trigonometric Graphs Trigonometric Functions and Their Graphs: The Sine and Cosine (page 1 of 3) Sections: The sine and cosine, The tangent, The co-functions At first, trig ratios related only to right triangles. Then you learned how to find ratios for any angle, using all four quadrants. Then you learned about the unit circle, in which the value of the hypotenuse was always r = 1 so that sin(θ) = y and cos(θ) = x. Looking at the sine ratio in the four quadrants, we can take the input (the angle measure θ), "unwind" this from the unit circle, and put it on the horizontal axis of a standard graph in the x,y-plane. As you can see, the height of the red line, being the value of sin(θ) = y, is the same in each graph. If the green angle line had gone backwards, counting into negative angle measures, the horizontal graph on the right would have extended back to the left of zero. The Sine Wave When you do your sine graphs, don't try to plot loads of points. The Cosine Wave Top | 1 | 2 | 3 | Return to Index Next >>

Solving Trigonometric Equations - She Loves Math This section covers: Solving trig equations is just finding the solutions of equations like we did with linear, quadratic, and radical equations, but using trig functions instead. We will mainly use the Unit Circle to find the exact solutions if we can, and we’ll start out by finding the solutions from We can also solve these using a Graphing Calculator, as we’ll see below. Important Note: there is a subtle distinction between finding inverse trig functions and solving for trig functions. for example, like in the The Inverse Trigonometric Functions section, we only pick the answers from Quadrants I and IV, so we get only. we get and in the interval (0, 2π); there are no domain restrictions. Let’s start out with solving fairly simple Trig Equations and getting the solutions from , or [0, 360°). Here is the Unit Circle again so we can “pick off” the answers from it: . is written as , and we can put it in the graphing calculator as or . and the right-hand side into and get the intersection.

The_trigonometry_functions Familiarity with the material in the modules, Introduction to Trigonometry and Further Trigonometry. Knowledge of basic coordinate geometry. Introductory graphs and functions. Facility with simple algebra, formulas and equations. In the module, Further Trigonometry, we saw how to use points on the unit circle to extend the definition of the trigonometric ratios to include obtuse angles. Once we can find the sine, cosine and tangent of any angle, we can use a table of values to plot the graphs of the functions y = sin x, y = cos x and y = tan x. The graphs of the sine and cosine functions are used to model wave motion and form the basis for applications ranging from tidal movement to signal processing which is fundamental in modern telecommunications and radio-astronomy. Angles in the four quadrants Redefining the Trigonometric Ratios We begin by taking the circle of radius 1, centre the origin, in the plane. We mark the angle POQ as θ. (cos θ, sin θ). For acute angles, we know that tan θ = a

Exploring y=Asin(Bx+C)+D Assignment 1: Exploring Asin(Bx+C)+D by Margo Gonterman Periodic Function A periodic function is a function, such as sin(x), that repeats its values in regular intervals Sin(x) oscillates, or goes back and forth, between its maximum and minimum value Amplitude The amplitude of the graph is the maximum height the graph reaches from the x-axis Period The period is the distance along the x-axis that is required for the function to make one full oscillation Phase Shift The phase shift is the measure of how far the graph has shifted horizontally Vertical Shift The vertical shift is the measure of how far the graph has shifted vertically, either up or down, from its initial position Let's examine the graph of y=sin(x). The graph of y=sin(x) has: - an amplitude of 1 - a period of 2pi - a phase shift of 0 - a vertical shift of 0 Let's look at what happens as A varies When A=1, the graph has an amplitude of 1. As A increases increases from 1, the amplitude of the graph increases. The period of the graph is |(2pi)/B|.

Graphing Trigonometric Functions Graphing Trigonometric Functions (page 1 of 3) Sections: Introduction, Examples with amplitude and vertical shift, Example with phase shift You've already learned the basic trig graphs. But just as you could make the basic quadratic x2, more complicated, such as –(x + 5)2 – 3, so also trig graphs can be made more complicated. Let's start with the basic sine function, f(t) = sin(t). Now let's look at g(t) = 3sin(t): Do you see that the graph is three times as tall? Now let's look at h(t) = sin(2t): Copyright © Elizabeth Stapel 2010 All Rights Reserved Do you see that the graph is squished in from the sides? For sines and cosines (and their reciprocals), the "regular" period is 2π, so the formula is: For tangents and cotangents, the "regular" period is π, so the formula is: In the sine wave graphed above, the value of B was 2. (Note: Different books use different letters to stand for the period formula. Now let's looks at j(t) = sin(t – π/3): Now let's look at k(t) = sin(t) + 3:

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