Collectivism Collectivism can be divided into horizontal (or egalitarian) collectivism and vertical (or hierarchical) collectivism. Horizontal collectivism stresses collective decision-making among equal individuals, and is thus usually based on decentralization and egalitarianism. Vertical collectivism is based on hierarchical structures of power and on moral and cultural conformity, and is therefore based on centralization and hierarchy. A cooperative enterprise would be an example of horizontal collectivism, whereas a military hierarchy would be an example of vertical collectivism.[1] Typology[edit] Collectivism has been used to refer to a diverse range of political and economic positions, including nationalism, direct democracy, representative democracy and monarchy. equality does not mean an equal amount but equal opportunity. . . Horizontal collectivists tend to favour democratic decision-making, while vertical collectivists believe in a strict chain of command. Culture and politics[edit]
Independence Independence is a condition of a nation, country, or state in which its residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over the territory. The opposite of independence is the status of a dependent territory. Definition of independence[edit] Distinction between independence and autonomy[edit] Autonomy refers to a kind of independence which has been granted by an overseeing authority that itself still retains ultimate authority over that territory (see Devolution). Declarations of independence[edit] Historical overview[edit] Historically, there have been three major periods of declaring independence: Continents[edit] Notes[edit] See also[edit] References[edit]
Individualism vs. Collectivism: Our Future, Our Choice The fundamental political conflict in America today is, as it has been for a century, individualism vs. collectivism. Does the individual’s life belong to him—or does it belong to the group, the community, society, or the state? With government expanding ever more rapidly—seizing and spending more and more of our money on “entitlement” programs and corporate bailouts, and intruding on our businesses and lives in increasingly onerous ways—the need for clarity on this issue has never been greater. Let us begin by defining the terms at hand. Individualism is the idea that the individual’s life belongs to him and that he has an inalienable right to live it as he sees fit, to act on his own judgment, to keep and use the product of his effort, and to pursue the values of his choosing. It’s the idea that the individual is sovereign, an end in himself, and the fundamental unit of moral concern. Individualism or collectivism—which of these ideas is correct? We’ll take them in turn. Because Mr.
Self-governance Self-governance is an abstract concept that applies to several scales of organization. It may refer to personal conduct or family units but more commonly refers to larger scale activities, i.e., professions, industry bodies, religions and political units (usually referred to as Local Government), up to and including autonomous regions and/or others within nation-states who enjoy some sovereign rights. It falls within the larger context of governance and principles such as consent of the governed, and may involve non-profit organizations and corporate governance. It can be used to describe a people or group being able to exercise all of the necessary functions of power without intervention from any authority which they cannot themselves alter. Generally when self-governance of nation-states is discussed, it is called national sovereignty – a concept important in international law. A means of self-governance usually comprises at least the following: References[edit] Bird, C. (2000).
- Individualism and collectivism — Moniviestin In individualistic value orientation, people are primarily concerned about themselves and their immediate family. In collectivistic value orientation, people's major concern is their ingroup or community. The ingroup is expected to look after an individual in exchange for loyalty. Belonging to an ingroup is verbalized in such daily communicative practices as greetings. Collectivism, and collective thinking is defined by Ethiopians as follows: "Thinking that originates from the influence of a traditional society, where more or less everything is collectively owned, where neighbourhoods live in unison sharing the pleasures and toils of life, and where interests seem to converge and overlap. Individualism is a characteristic tendency of industrialized societies. In spite of the assumption that the process of convergence towards a modern society is the same from culture to culture, a society can modernize and not lose valued elements of its tradition. © Liisa Salo-Lee, 2006
Individual An individual is that which exists as a distinct entity. Individuality (or self-hood) is the state or quality of being an individual; particularly of being a person separate from other people and possessing their own needs or goals, rights and responsibilities. The exact definition of an individual is important in the fields of biology, law, and philosophy. From the 15th century and earlier (and also today within the fields of statistics and metaphysics) individual meant "indivisible", typically describing any numerically singular thing, but sometimes meaning "a person". Law[edit] in International law: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. in American law: A natural person is a human being. Philosophy[edit] Buddhism[edit] Empiricism[edit] Hegel[edit] Existentialism[edit] With the rise of existentialism, Søren Kierkegaard rejected Hegel's notion of the individual as subordinated to the forces of history. Objectivism[edit] Biology[edit] See also[edit] References[edit]
Convergence | Definition of Convergence by Merriam-Webster con·ver·gence | \ kən-ˈvər-jən(t)s 1 : the act of converging and especially moving toward union or uniformity the convergence of the three rivers especially : coordinated movement of the two eyes so that the image of a single point is formed on corresponding retinal areas 3aevolutionary biology : independent development of similar traits or features (as of body structure or behavior) in unrelated or distantly related species or lineages : convergent evolution The second mechanism, also well established, is convergence—in which separate organisms, such as birds and bats, independently develop a similar trait or behavior (wings, say) even though they did not inherit that structure from a common ancestor.— Ann Gibbons 4 : the merging of distinct technologies, industries, or devices into a unified whole … offers a variety of services related to the convergence of the Internet and mobile phones.— Rob Walker
Existentialism Existentialism is a term applied to the work of certain late 19th- and 20th-century philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences,[1][2][3] shared the belief that philosophical thinking begins with the human subject—not merely the thinking subject, but the acting, feeling, living human individual.[4] In existentialism, the individual's starting point is characterized by what has been called "the existential attitude", or a sense of disorientation and confusion in the face of an apparently meaningless or absurd world.[5] Many existentialists have also regarded traditional systematic or academic philosophies, in both style and content, as too abstract and remote from concrete human experience.[6][7] Definitional issues and background[edit] There has never been general agreement on the definition of existentialism. The term is often seen as an historical convenience as it was first applied to many philosophers in hindsight, long after they had died. Concepts[edit] The Absurd[edit]
Collectivist and individualist cultures | Psychology Wiki | FANDOM powered by Wikia Assessment | Biopsychology | Comparative | Cognitive | Developmental | Language | Individual differences | Personality | Philosophy | Social |Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology | Social psychology:Altruism · Attribution · Attitudes · Conformity · Discrimination · Groups · Interpersonal relations · Obedience · Prejudice · Norms · Perception · Index · Outline This article is in need of attention from a psychologist/academic expert on the subject.Please help recruit one, or improve this page yourself if you are qualified.This banner appears on articles that are weak and whose contents should be approached with academic caution For judgments of value about collectivism and individualism, see individualism and collectivism. This article regards how 'collectivist' and 'individualist' are used descriptively in anthropology and the cultural psychology. Collectivism and individualism deeply pervade cultures. Traits of Collectivism Edit
Sovereignty Supreme authority within a territory, as well as external autonomy from other states Etymology[edit] The term arises from the unattested Vulgar Latin's *superanus, (itself derived form of Latin super – "over") meaning "chief", "ruler".[5] Its spelling, which varied from the word's first appearance in English in the fourteenth century, was influenced by the English reign.[6][7] Concepts[edit] The concept of sovereignty has multiple conflicting components, varying definitions, and diverse and inconsistent applications throughout history.[8][9][10][11] The current notion of state sovereignty contains four aspects consisting of territory, population, authority and recognition.[10] According to Stephen D. Sovereignty is a hypothetical trade, in which two potentially (or really) conflicting sides, respecting de facto realities of power, exchange such recognitions as their least costly strategy.[12] History[edit] Classical[edit] The Roman jurist Ulpian observed that:[13] Medieval[edit] Internal[edit]
Individualistic Cultures and Behavior Culture is one factor that can have an influence on how people think and behave. One factor that cross-cultural psychologists often study involves the differences and similarities between individualistic cultures and collectivist cultures. Individualistic cultures are those that stress the needs of the individual over the needs of the group as a whole. In this type of culture, people are seen as independent and autonomous. Social behavior tends to be dictated by the attitudes and preferences of individuals. Individualistic Culture Traits Chances are you have probably heard the terms individualistic and collectivist cultures before, often in the context of noting behavior and attitude differences between the two types of societies. A few common characteristics of individualistic cultures include: In individualistic cultures, people are considered "good" if they are strong, self-reliant, assertive, and independent. Individualistic vs. AutonomyIndependenceSelf-sufficiencyUniqueness
Authenticity Authenticity or authentic may refer to: Authentication, the act of confirming the truth of an attribute Arts and entertainment[edit] Authenticity in art, ways in which a work of art or an artistic performance may be considered authentic Music[edit] Authentic performance, an approach to the performance of classical musicAuthentic Records, a record labelAuthentic mode, a set of pitch organizations used in Gregorian chant Albums[edit] Other uses[edit] See also[edit]
Schwartz theory - Schwartz theory