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Great Depression

Great Depression
USA annual real GDP from 1910–60, with the years of the Great Depression (1929–1939) highlighted. The unemployment rate in the US 1910–1960, with the years of the Great Depression (1929–1939) highlighted. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the world's economy can decline.[2] The depression originated in the U.S., after the fall in stock prices that began around September 4, 1929, and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929 (known as Black Tuesday). The Great Depression had devastating effects in countries rich and poor. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially those dependent on heavy industry. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s. Start Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929, optimism persisted for some time; John D. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the corresponding period of the previous year. Economic indicators Causes Keynesian Marxist Related:  Banking and finance issues

J. P. Morgan John Pierpont "J. P." Morgan (April 17, 1837 – March 31, 1913) was an American financier, banker, philanthropist and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time. In 1892 Morgan arranged the merger of Edison General Electric and Thomson-Houston Electric Company to form General Electric. Morgan died in Rome, Italy, in his sleep in 1913 at the age of 75, leaving his fortune and business to his son, John Pierpont "Jack" Morgan, Jr., and bequeathing his mansion and large book collections to The Morgan Library & Museum in New York. At the height of Morgan's career during the early 1900s, he and his partners had financial investments in many large corporations and had significant influence over the nation's high finance. Childhood and education[edit] J. In the spring of 1852, illness that was to become more common as his life progressed struck; rheumatic fever left him in so much pain that he could not walk. Career[edit] Early years and life[edit]

Financial crisis of 2007–2008 The TED spread (in red) increased significantly during the financial crisis, reflecting an increase in perceived credit risk. The financial crisis of 2007–2008, also known as the Global Financial Crisis and 2008 financial crisis, is considered by many economists the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s.[1] It resulted in the threat of total collapse of large financial institutions, the bailout of banks by national governments, and downturns in stock markets around the world. In many areas, the housing market also suffered, resulting in evictions, foreclosures and prolonged unemployment. In the immediate aftermath of the financial crisis palliative fiscal and monetary policies were adopted to lessen the shock to the economy.[19] In July 2010, the Dodd–Frank regulatory reforms were enacted in the U.S. to lessen the chance of a recurrence.[20] Background[edit] Share in GDP of U.S. financial sector since 1860[27] The U.S. Subprime lending[edit]

Woodrow Wilson In his first term as President, Wilson persuaded a Democratic Congress to pass a legislative agenda that few presidents have equaled, remaining unmatched up until the New Deal in 1933.[2] This agenda included the Federal Reserve Act, Federal Trade Commission Act, the Clayton Antitrust Act, the Federal Farm Loan Act and an income tax. Child labor was curtailed by the Keating–Owen Act of 1916, but the U.S. Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional in 1918. Wilson also had Congress pass the Adamson Act, which imposed an 8-hour workday for railroads.[3] Although considered a modern liberal visionary giant as President, Wilson was "deeply racist in his thoughts and politics" and his administration racially segregated federal employees and the Navy.[4][5] According to Wilson biographer A. Scott Berg, author of Wilson, an 815-page biography; "No matter what time you lived, some of the things Wilson said and did were racist. Early life Wilson c. mid 1870s Personal life Academic career

Le Parlement chypriote adopte le plan de restructuration des banques Des Chypriotes retirent leurs épargnes d'une banque en difficulté. Photo : AFP/LOUISA GOULIAMAKI Les députés de Chypre ont adopté vendredi le plan de restructuration du système bancaire, qui s'inscrit dans le plan de sauvetage que le gouvernement doit conclure avec ses partenaires européens. Cinq autres projets de loi demeurent en suspens jusqu'à la reprise des travaux. La loi sur la restructuration des banques, la plus disputée des trois votées vendredi soir, a été adoptée par 26 voix pour, deux contre et 25 abstentions. Les députés ont également approuvé un texte créant un fonds de solidarité et un autre limitant les mouvements de capitaux pour éviter une trop forte pression sur les banques à leur réouverture, prévue mardi. Chypre doit trouver d'ici lundi 7 milliards d'euros - plus du tiers de son PIB annuel -, pour débloquer l'aide internationale et obtenir que la Banque centrale européenne (BCE) continue de fournir des liquidités d'urgence aux banques chypriotes.

Federal Reserve Act Federal Reserve The Federal Reserve Act (ch. 6, 38 Stat. 251, enacted December 23, 1913, 12 U.S.C. ch. 3) is an Act of Congress that created and set up the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States of America, and granted it the legal authority to issue Federal Reserve Notes, now commonly known as the U.S. Dollar, and Federal Reserve Bank Notes as legal tender. The Act was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson. The Act[edit] The Federal Reserve Act created a system of private and public entities; there were to be at least eight, and no more than 12, private regional Federal Reserve banks. With the passing of the Federal Reserve Act, Congress required that all nationally chartered banks become members of the Federal Reserve System. Background[edit] Central banking has made various institutional appearances throughout the history of the United States. The First Bank of United States[edit] The 2nd Bank of the United States[edit] Subsequent Amendments[edit]

Conjoncture : Zone euro: réduire la facture du sauvetage chypriote Faute d'une aide extérieure d'ici le mois de mai, Nicosie risque le défaut de paiement. Les besoins financiers de l'île sont estimés à 17 milliards d'euros. Le sauvetage de Chypre entre dans une phase décisive. Pour Chypre, le temps presse: faute d'une aide extérieure d'ici le mois de mai, Nicosie risque le défaut de paiement. Les blocages sur le sauvetage portent à la fois sur les conditions de l'aide et l'enveloppe nécessaire. Pour réduire l'ardoise de 17 à 10 milliards d'euros, la zone euro explore plusieurs pistes: une contribution de la Russie à hauteur de 2,5 milliards d'euros, un programme de privatisations et une hausse des taxes dans un pays considéré comme un havre fiscal. Arsenal antiblanchiment Rien qu'en alignant l'impôt sur les sociétés sur le taux minimum irlandais de 12,5 %, Chypre pourrait engranger quelque 4 milliards d'euros. » Dernière ligne droite à Bruxelles pour sauver Chypre » La menace d'une faillite attend le président de Chypre

Gold standard All references to "dollars" in this article refer to the United States dollar, unless otherwise stated. Under a gold standard, paper notes are convertible into preset, fixed quantities of gold. A gold standard is a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is based on a fixed quantity of gold. Three types may be distinguished: specie, exchange, and bullion. In the gold specie standard the monetary unit is associated with the value of circulating gold coins or the monetary unit has the value of a certain circulating gold coin, but other coins may be made of less valuable metal. The gold exchange standard usually does not involve the circulation of gold coins. As of 2013 no country used a gold standard as the basis of its monetary system, although some hold substantial gold reserves. A total of 174,100 tonnes of gold have been mined in human history, according to GFMS as of 2012. History Origin Silver United Kingdom United States International Japan Bimetallic standard

Conjoncture : Comment la Chypre en est arrivée là… INFOGRAPHIE - Les banques chypriotes, dont les actifs pèsent huit fois le PIB du pays, ont été entraînées par la Grèce où elles ont perdu 5 milliards d'euros. Mais cette crise s'est greffée sur un pays déjà fragilisé par les déficits et la récession. La petite république de Chypre a beau ne peser que 0,2 % du PIB de la zone euro, les chiffres évoqués à propos de son sauvetage financier donnent le vertige. Qu'on en juge: le besoin de financement évoqué ces derniers mois tourne autour de 17 milliards d'euros, soit l'équivalent du PIB du pays. Comment la moitié sud de l'île, membre de la zone euro depuis 2008, souvent surnommée la «Suisse de la Méditerranée», en est-elle arrivée là? La première réponse tient en un mot: Grèce. Or, à Chypre, la fragilité du système bancaire conditionne bien plus qu'ailleurs toute l'économie. Si la Grèce a précipité la crise chypriote, elle ne l'explique pas entièrement. Secteur public pléthorique » EN DIRECT: vers un nouveau plan de sauvetage pour Chypre

Central bank The primary function of a central bank is to manage the nation's money supply (monetary policy), through active duties such as managing interest rates, setting the reserve requirement, and acting as a lender of last resort to the banking sector during times of bank insolvency or financial crisis. Central banks usually also have supervisory powers, intended to prevent bank runs and to reduce the risk that commercial banks and other financial institutions engage in reckless or fraudulent behavior. Central banks in most developed nations are institutionally designed to be independent from political interference.[4][5] Still, limited control by the executive and legislative bodies usually exists.[6][7] The chief executive of a central bank is normally known as the Governor, President or Chairman. History[edit] Prior to the 17th century most money was commodity money, typically gold or silver. Bank of England[edit] The sealing of the Bank of England Charter (1694). Spread around the world[edit]

Conjoncture : Le Parlement chypriote rejette la taxe sur les dépôts Pour la première fois, les députés d'un pays de la zone euro votent contre un plan de sauvetage de Bruxelles. Le résultat était annoncé, attendu et a été approuvé par l'intégralité des partis: le Parlement chypriote a rejeté hier soir le plan de sauvetage européen à 36 voix contre et 19 abstentions. Chypre est ainsi le premier pays de la zone euro à refuser le plan de sauvetage proposé par l'Union européenne (UE). Après deux heures et demie de débats sous tension, les députés ont suivi les consignes de vote de leur parti. Cette situation inédite en Europe et de facto à Chypre fragilise grandement le gouvernement. Refus du chantage Le terme «chantage» est sur toutes les lèvres et se retrouve dans les slogans des centaines de manifestants devant le Parlement. Chypre joue la montre pour éviter un défaut de paiement. Les regards se tournaient hier vers Michalis Sarris, le ministre des Finances chypriote, qui a réfuté dans la soirée les rumeurs sur sa démission.

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