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Trust law

Trust law
The trustee may be either an individual, a company, or a public body. There may be a single trustee or multiple co-trustees. The trust is governed by the terms under which it was created. In most jurisdictions, this requires a contractual trust agreement or deed. History[edit] The Lord Chancellor would consider it "unconscionable" that the legal owner could go back on his word and deny the claims of the Crusader (the "true" owner). Significance[edit] Although trusts are often associated with intrafamily wealth transfers, they have become very important in American capital markets, particularly through pension funds (essentially always trusts) and mutual funds (often trusts).[2] Basic principles[edit] Overview[edit] In a relevant sense, a trust can be viewed as a generic form of a corporation where the settlors (investors) are also the beneficiaries. Terms[edit] Chart of a trust Appointer: This is the person who can appoint a new trustee or remove an existing one. Creation[edit] Formalities[edit]

Stewardship Stewardship is an ethic that embodies the responsible planning and management of resources. The concepts of stewardship can be applied to the environment,[1][2] economics,[3][4] health,[5] property,[6] information ,[7] theology,[8] etc. History of the term[edit] See also the definition in international standard ISO 20121 - Event sustainability management system - Requirements with guidance for use; par. 3.20: "responsibility for sustainable development shared by all those whose actions affect environmental performance. economic activity, and social progress, reflected as both a value and a practice by individuals, organisations. communities, and competent authorities." See also[edit] References[edit] Jump up ^ Chapin, F. External links[edit]

Waqf A waqf, also spelled wakf, (Arabic: وقف‎, pronounced [ˈwɑqf]; plural Arabic: أوقاف‎, awqāf; Turkish: vakıf, Urdu: وقف‎[1]) is, under the context of 'sadaqah', an inalienable religious endowment in Islamic law, typically donating a building or plot of land or even cash for Muslim religious or charitable purposes. The donated assets are held by a charitable trust. The grant is known as mushrut-ul-khidmat, while a person making such dedication is known as wakif.[2][3] Definitions[edit] The term waqf literally means "confinement and prohibition" or causing a thing to stop or stand still.[4] The legal meaning of Waqf according to Imam Abu Hanifa, is the detention of specific thing in the ownership of waqf and the devoting of its profit or products "in charity of poors or other good objects". A waqf was used to keep money or property together in private hands; a pooling of wealth to maintain private ownership. Islamic texts[edit] Life cycle[edit] Founding[edit] Founder[edit] Property[edit]

Social safety net Cash transfersFood-based programs such as supplementary feeding programs and food stamps, vouchers, and couponsIn-kind transfers such as school supplies and uniformsConditional cash transfersPrice subsidies for food, electricity, or public transportPublic worksFee waivers and exemptions for health care, schooling and utilities On average, spending on safety nets accounts for 1 to 2 percent of GDP across developing and transition countries,[1] though sometimes much less or much more. In the last decade[when?], a visible growing expertise in various areas of safety nets has taken place. General overview[edit] Safety nets are part of a broader poverty reduction strategy interacting with and working alongside of social insurance; health, education, and financial services; the provision of utilities and roads; and other policies aimed at reducing poverty and managing risk. Safety net programs can play four roles in development policy:- The chronic poor The transient poor Cash transfers[edit]

Small Business and Entrepreneurship The Community Development Offices support the Federal Reserve System's economic growth objectives by promoting community development and fair and impartial access to credit in underserved markets. To achieve this mission, System offices work closely with financial institutions, community development organizations, nonprofits, research and policy centers, and federal and state government agencies to expand community and economic development opportunities. The Federal Reserve helps small businesses access the technical and financial resources they need, by conducting research and data analyses, forging partnerships amongst industry stakeholders, and promoting innovative strategies and promising practices. These efforts generate new ideas and new approaches for understanding and meeting the needs of today's small business owners. This section brings together knowledge and insights from several key small business initiatives within the Federal Reserve System. Related Information

Welfare Welfare is the provision of a minimal level of well-being and social support for all citizens, sometimes referred to as public aid. In most developed countries welfare is largely provided by the government, and to a lesser extent, charities, informal social groups, religious groups, and inter-governmental organizations. The welfare state expands on this concept to include services such as universal healthcare and unemployment insurance. History[edit] Distributing alms to the poor, abbey of Port-Royal des Champs c. 1710. In the Roman Empire, the first emperor Augustus provided the 'congiaria' or grain dole for citizens who could not afford to buy food. Early Welfare programs in Europe included the English Poor Law of 1601, which gave parishes the responsibility for providing welfare payments to the poor.[5] This system was substantially modified by the 19th-century Poor Law Amendment Act, which introduced the system of workhouses. Forms[edit] Provision and funding[edit] Welfare systems[edit]

Consumer & Economic Development & Information Center (CEDRIC) CEDRIC's principal mission is to foster and document research related to community and economic development issues such as small business financial behavior, access to credit, affordable housing, and community development and reinvestment. Developing Small Businesses and Leveraging Resources in Detroit The Community Development and Policy Studies (CDPS) Division of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago has undertaken a new project that will address the issues of small business credit and financing in the city of Detroit. A Look at Upstate New York's Subprime Mortgages in Foreclosure Subprime mortgage conditions remain a concern upstate. Understanding the Securitization of Subprime Mortgage Credit This paper provides an overview of the subprime mortgage securitization process and the seven key informational frictions that arise.

Rule of law The rule of law (also known as nomocracy) primarily refers to the influence and authority of law within society, especially as a constraint upon behavior, including behavior of government officials.[2] The phrase can be traced back to the 16th century, and it was popularized in the 19th century by British jurist A. V. Dicey. The concept was familiar to ancient philosophers such as Aristotle, who wrote "Law should govern".[3] Rule of law implies that every citizen is subject to the law, including law makers themselves. Despite wide use by politicians, judges and academics, the rule of law has been described as "an exceedingly elusive notion"[4] giving rise to a "rampant divergence of understandings ... everyone is for it but have contrasting convictions about what it is." At least two principal conceptions of the rule of law can be identified: a formalist or "thin" definition, and a substantive or "thick" definition. History[edit] Antiquity[edit] Middle Ages[edit] Modern times[edit]

A Consumer's Guide to Mortgage Refinancings Have interest rates fallen? Or do you expect them to go up? Has your credit score improved enough so that you might be eligible for a lower-rate mortgage? Would you like to switch into a different type of mortgage? The answers to these questions will influence your decision to refinance your mortgage. But before deciding, you need to understand all that refinancing involves. When you refinance, you pay off your existing mortgage and create a new one. Why consider refinancing? Lowering your interest rate The interest rate on your mortgage is tied directly to how much you pay on your mortgage each month--lower rates usually mean lower payments. For example, compare the monthly payments (for principal and interest) on a 30-year fixed-rate loan of $200,000 at 5.5% and 6.0%. Adjusting the length of your mortgage Increase the term of your mortgage: You may want a mortgage with a longer term to reduce the amount that you pay each month. Getting an ARM with better terms Back to top Application fee.

Accountability In governance, accountability has expanded beyond the basic definition of "being called to account for one's actions".[3][4] It is frequently described as an account-giving relationship between individuals, e.g. "A is accountable to B when A is obliged to inform B about A’s (past or future) actions and decisions, to justify them, and to suffer punishment in the case of eventual misconduct".[5] Accountability cannot exist without proper accounting practices; in other words, an absence of accounting means an absence of accountability. History and etymology[edit] Types[edit] Bruce Stone, O.P. Political[edit] Political accountability is the accountability of the government, civil servants and politicians to the public and to legislative bodies such as a congress or a parliament. Recall elections can be used to revoke the office of an elected official. In parliamentary systems, the government relies on the support or parliament, which gives parliament power to hold the government to account.

Community & Economic Development Skip to Content Community & Economic Development Text Size On This Page Community Development news and resources. Community & Economic Development News ProfitWise News and Views November Edition This latest edition of ProfitWise News and Views explores the roles of community colleges across the Seventh District in addressing worker skill gaps. Chicago Fed Income Based Economic Index (IBEX) The IBEX 12 Month Inflation Rates provide a monthly chain-weighted inflation measure for more than thirty socio-economic and demographic groups, as well as the overall urban population. The CRA and Subprime Lending: Discerning the Difference Banking and Community Perspectives(external-pdf) The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) has been under much scrutiny amid the subprime lending bust. Related Research by Economists at the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago On this Site Related Topics In the Federal Reserve System

Social justice Social justice is the ability people have to realize their potential in the society where they live.[1] Classically, "justice" (especially corrective justice or distributive justice) referred to ensuring that individuals both fulfilled their societal roles,[2] and received what was due from society. "Social justice" is generally used to refer to a set of institutions which will enable people to lead a fulfilling life and be active contributors to their community.[3] The goal of social justice is generally the same as human development, and the relevant institutions are usually taken to include education, health care, social security, labour rights, as well as a broader system of public services, progressive taxation and regulation of markets, to ensure fair distribution of wealth, equality of opportunity, and no gross inequality of outcome. History[edit] The different concepts of justice, as discussed in ancient Western philosophy, were typically centered upon the community. Islam[edit]

Foreclosure Resource Center What's New Learn more about the Community Development and Policy Studies Department's Seventh District foreclosure rate updates that will reflect the 3-month moving average of the following rates from 2007m10 through 2013m9. Updated Foreclosure Maps - Seventh District The Community Development & Policy Studies Department (CDPS) has updated maps showing mortgage foreclosure and delinquency rates in the Seventh District. 5 Tips for Avoiding Foreclosure Scams(external) Information from the Federal Reserve Board Foreclosure Mitigation Toolkit Resources to assist communities in addressing the current turmoil in the housing market and minimize the impact of foreclosures on neighborhoods. Regional Home Ownership Perservation Initiative(external) A network of organizations working collaboratively to address the foreclosure crisis to develop and implement more coordinated and robust regional responses.

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