Simple Future Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. FORM Will [will + verb] Examples: You will help him later. FORM Be Going To [am/is/are + going to + verb] You are going to meet Jane tonight. Complete List of Simple Future Forms USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action "Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. I will send you the information when I get it. USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise "Will" is usually used in promises. I will call you when I arrive. USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan "Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii. USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction The year 2222 will be a very interesting year. No Future in Time Clauses
Grammar Reference | LearnEnglish | British Council | Reported speech 2 Reported speech (2) Remember that in reported speech we usually change the tense of the direct statement. The present simple tense changes to the past simple, the past simple changes to the past perfect and so on. Here are some other points to consider. ‘Can’ and ‘will’ Direct speech: “I can’t remember his name.” ‘Can’ and ‘can’t’ in direct speech change to ‘could’ and ‘couldn’t’ in reported speech. Direct speech: “I’ll be there for 3 weeks.” ‘Will’ and ‘won’t’ in direct speech change to ‘would’ and ‘wouldn’t’ in reported speech. Other modal verbs Direct speech: “You could be right.” Other modal verbs don’t change in reported speech. Reporting orders, requests and advice Direct speech: “Sit down and shut up!” Orders, request and advice can be reported using an infinitive. Reporting verbs There are a number of verbs that we use to report statements. Direct speech: “It wasn’t me who broke the window.” > He denied breaking the window. There are a number of verbs that can be used to report.
Wh- Question Clauses – Reported / Indirect Speech Restate a question within a clause (reported speech) Quoted Questions vs. Restated Questions Wh-question: Who, What, Where, Why, When and How The main clause (matrix clause) is the independent clause and the subordinate clause (embedded clause) is the dependent clause. In reported speech, no additional punctuation (quotation marks, comma, or question mark) is used. Ask Synonyms ask (V) – request information → My father always asks how I am doing. Also see Said Synonyms. Adjustments Word Order / Person & Number ¹subordinate marker – who, what, where, why, when, how perspective (N) – point of view; how someone relates to surroundings: person (you, i we); place (here, there); time (now, then); direction (coming, going) See deixis. Time / Location ¹subordinate marker– who, what, where, why, when, how ²direction: change coming to going if both speaker and listener do not share a location Adjusting Perspective (deixis) Adjusting Perspective Deictic words Person Deixis Time and Place Deixis Advanced
Vocabulary disagreement SAY & TELL – Reported Speech Hi Teacher Alex, How have you been? I’m a big fan of you…absolutely you are a good Teacher. I would like to confirm with you about these phrases below. When we have a statement in the present we need to report this in the past, Don’t we? I know that there is no change if we report something that is truth, however I had this doubt about these sentences because I’m not sure if these are the truth. “The unexamined life is not worth living.” Socrates said me that the unexamined life is not worth living. I guess that is the correct response for this case is: Socrates said that the unexamined life was not worth living. Mahatma Ghandi: “An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind.” Ghandi said that an eye for an eye makes the whole world blind. I guess that is the correct response for this case is: Ghandi said that an eye for an eye made the whole world blind. Rogerio Romera.
Reporting Verbs for Advanced Level ESL Learners and Classes When using reported speech, most students learn to use "say" and "tell": Examples: John told me he was going to stay late at work. Peter said he wanted to visit his parents that weekend. These forms are perfectly correct for reporting what others have said. For more information on reported speech, this overview of reported speech provides a guide on which transformations are required to use the form. Related Grammar Basic Reported (Indirect) Speech Indirect Speech Transformations Quiz 1 Indirect Speech Transformations Quiz 2 More Grammar Reference
Vocabulary agreement SAY & TELL – Reported Speech Hi Teacher Alex, How have you been? I’m a big fan of you…absolutely you are a good Teacher. I would like to confirm with you about these phrases below. When we have a statement in the present we need to report this in the past, Don’t we? I know that there is no change if we report something that is truth, however I had this doubt about these sentences because I’m not sure if these are the truth. “The unexamined life is not worth living.” Socrates said me that the unexamined life is not worth living. I guess that is the correct response for this case is: Socrates said that the unexamined life was not worth living. Mahatma Ghandi: “An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind.” Ghandi said that an eye for an eye makes the whole world blind. I guess that is the correct response for this case is: Ghandi said that an eye for an eye made the whole world blind. Rogerio Romera.
Reported Speech Exercises on Reported Speech If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker’s exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech into reported speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to transform a statement, question or request. Statements When transforming statements, check whether you have to change: pronouns present tense verbs (3rd person singular) place and time expressions tenses (backshift) → more on statements in reported speech Questions When transforming questions, check whether you have to change: Also note that you have to: transform the question into an indirect question use the interrogative or if / whether → more on questions in reported speech Requests pronouns place and time expressions → more on requests in reported speech Additional Information and Exeptions → more on additional information and exeptions in reported speech Requests in Reported Speech
Positive Form and Comparison of Adjectives Exercise on Positive Form and Comparison of Adjectives Positive Form Use the positive form of the adjective if the comparison contains one of the following expressions: as … as Example: Jane is as tall as John. not as … as / not so … as Example: John is not as tall as Arnie. Comparative Form and Superlative Form (-er/-est) one-syllable adjectives (clean, new, cheap) two-syllable adjectives ending in -y or -er (easy, happy, pretty, dirty, clever) Exceptions in spelling when adding -er / -est silent ‘e’ is dropped Example: late-later-latest final ‘y’ after a consonant becomes i Example: easy-easier-easiest final consonant after short, stressed vowel is doubled Example: hot-hotter-hottest Comparative Form and Superlative Form (more/most) adjectives of three or more syllables (and two-syllable adjectives not ending in -y/-er) Comparative Form and Superlative Form (irregular comparisons) Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives
Comparative and Superlative Adjectives: EnchantedLearning.com Advertisement. EnchantedLearning.com is a user-supported site. As a bonus, site members have access to a banner-ad-free version of the site, with print-friendly pages.Click here to learn more. (Already a member? A comparative adjective is used to compare two things. If a 1-syllable adjective ends in "e", the endings are "-r" and "-st", for example: wise, wiser, wisest. If a 1-syllable adjective ends in "y", the endings are "-er" and "-est", but the y is sometimes changed to an "i". If a 1-syllable adjective ends in a consonant (with a single vowel preceding it), then the consonant is doubled and the endings "-er" and "-est" are used, for example: big, bigger, biggest. If a 2-syllable adjective ends in "e", the endings are "-r" and "-st", for example: gentle, gentler, gentlest. If a 2-syllable adjective ends in "y", the endings are "-ier" and "-iest", for example: happy, happier, happiest. Related Activities and Worksheets:
Linking words Expressions to compare Expressions to disagress with someone