Polio. Listen Polio (also called poliomyelitis) is a contagious, historically devastating disease that was virtually eliminated from the Western hemisphere in the second half of the 20th century. Although polio has been around since ancient times, its most extensive outbreak occurred in the first half of the 1900s until the polio vaccine was introduced in 1955. At the height of the polio epidemic in 1952, nearly 60,000 cases with more than 3,000 deaths were reported in the United States alone.
However, with widespread vaccination, wild-type polio, or polio occurring through natural infection, was eliminated from the United States by 1979 and the Western hemisphere by 1991. Signs and Symptoms Polio is a viral illness that, in about 95% of cases, actually produces no symptoms at all (called asymptomatic polio). People who have abortive polio or nonparalytic polio usually make a full recovery. Listen Contagiousness Prevention By 1964, the oral polio vaccine (OPV) had become the recommended vaccine.
Institute - About Salk - About Jonas Salk. When Dr. Jonas Salk envisioned the idea of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, it was with the idea of creating a vibrant, intellectual community, dedicated to pursuing the kinds of scientific achievements that had made him an international figure only five years before. Salk came to La Jolla following a career in clinical medicine and virology research. After obtaining his M.D. degree at the New York University School of Medicine in 1939, he was a staff physician at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City. He then joined his mentor, Dr. Thomas Francis, as a research fellow at the University of Michigan.
There, he worked to develop an influenza vaccine at the behest of the U.S. Army. It was in Pittsburgh that Salk began to put together the techniques that would lead to his polio vaccine. Salk's research caught the attention of Basil O'Connor, president of the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (now known as the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation). A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Salk produces polio vaccine.
Salk produces polio vaccine1952 Poliomyelitis has been around since ancient times. There is still no cure for the disease. But at the peak of its devastation in the United States, Jonas Salk introduced a way to prevent it. This infectious viral disease attacks the nerve cells and sometimes the central nervous system, often causing muscle wasting and paralysis and even death. Since 1900 there had been cycles of epidemics, each seeming to get stronger and more disastrous. The disease, whose early symptoms are like the flu, struck mostly children, although adults, including Franklin Roosevelt, caught it too. As a medical student and later a researcher at the University of Michigan, Salk studied viruses, such as influenza, and ways to vaccinate against them.
In 1947 Salk became head of the Virus Research Lab at the University of Pittsburgh. In 1948 researchers at Harvard (J.F. Now Salk could speed up his research. Related Features On the Edge: Paralyzing Polio. Jonas Salk Biography -- Academy of Achievement. Development of Polio Vaccines. Access Excellence Classic Collection by Bonnie A. Maybury Okonek and Linda Morganstein, editor In 1921, outbreaks of poliomyelitis plagued America. That summer, a young politician named Franklin Delano Roosevelt was vacationing with his family at their Campobello estate. After an exhausting day fighting a local forest fire, taking a cold swim for relief, and then lounging in his wet swimsuit at home, he went to bed feeling as though he had contracted a cold.
In a few days Roosevelt found out he had polio. As it did with Roosevelt, polio can strike quickly. Roosevelt was one of the unlucky ones. Roosevelt was determined not to let this major illness get the best of him. Through the first half of this century, basic hygiene methods and knowledge had advanced tremendously. How a Vaccine Was Discovered Vaccine developments for polio had begun in the early 1900s. Dr. What followed was massive testing of the vaccine in clinical trials in the United States and parts of Canada, begun in 1954. MLA Formatting and Style Guide. Summary: MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th ed.) and the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.
Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee, Elizabeth Angeli, Russell Keck, Joshua M. Paiz, Purdue OWL StaffLast Edited: 2012-05-09 07:17:57 Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in MLA. To see a side-by-side comparison of the three most widely used citation styles, including a chart of all MLA citation guidelines, see the Citation Style Chart. You can also watch our MLA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel. General Format MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing.