Psycho-Depressants
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The nonbenzodiazepines , also called benzodiazepine-like drugs, are a class of psychoactive drugs pharmacologically resembling the benzodiazepines , with similar benefits, side effects and risks, despite having dissimilar or entirely different chemical structures. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The nonbenzodiazepines are positive allosteric modulators of the GABA-A receptor . Like the benzodiazepines, they exert their effects by binding to and activating the benzodiazepine site of the receptor complex. [ edit ] Background Nonbenzodiazepines have demonstrated efficacy in treating sleep disorders .
Nonbenzodiazepine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Pyrazolopyrimidine is a heterocyclic chemical compound with the molecular formula C 6 H 5 N 3 . It forms the central core of a variety of more complex chemical compounds including some pharmaceuticals and pesticides. Most of the drugs from this class marketed to date are intended to induce sleep , and are prescribed for people suffering insomnia , however some newer compounds produce anxiolytic effects with relatively little sedation, and are being developed for use as non-sedating anti-anxiety drugs. They include: As they are not chemically related to the benzodiazepines despite their similar effect, such drugs—as well as the imidazopyridines and cyclopyrrones —are sometimes grouped together and referred to as " nonbenzodiazepines ". [ edit ] Pesticides
Pyrazolopyrimidine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Panadiplon (U-78875) is an anxiolytic drug with a novel chemical structure that is not closely related to other drugs of this type. It has a similar pharmacological profile to the benzodiazepine family of drugs, but with mainly anxiolytic properties and relatively little sedative or amnestic effect, and so is classified as a nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic. [ 1 ] Panadiplon acts as a high-affinity GABA A receptor partial agonist , [ 2 ] [ 3 ] but despite showing a useful effects profile of a potent anxiolytic with little sedative effects, panadiplon was discontinued from clinical development for use in humans after showing evidence of liver damage in both animals and human trials. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Panadiplon however continues to be used in animal research, mainly as a subtype-selective reference drug to compare other GABA A agonists against. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] ^ Tang AH, Franklin SR, Himes CS, Ho PM.
Panadiplon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ocinaplon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ocinaplon has a similar pharmacological profile to the benzodiazepine family of drugs, but with mainly anxiolytic properties and relatively little sedative or amnestic effect. [ 1 ] [ edit ] Mechanism of action The mechanism of action by which ocinaplon produces its anxiolytic effects is by modulating GABA A receptors, [ 2 ] although ocinaplon is more subtype-selective than most benzodiazepines. [ 3 ] ^ Lippa A, Czobor P, Stark J, Beer B, Kostakis E, Gravielle M, Bandyopadhyay S, Russek SJ, Gibbs TT, Farb DH, Skolnick P.
Indiplon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Indiplon ( INN and USAN ) is a nonbenzodiazepine , hypnotic sedative was developed in 2 formulations - an immediate release product for sleep onset and a modified-release version for sleep maintenance. [ edit ] Mode of action Indiplon works by enhancing the action of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA , like most other nonbenzodiazepine sedatives.Zaleplon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Zaleplon (marketed under the brand names Sonata and Starnoc ) is a sedative / hypnotic , mainly used for insomnia . It is a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic from the pyrazolopyrimidine class. [ 1 ] In terms of adverse effects zaleplon appears to offer little improvement compared to both benzodiazepines and other non-benzodiazepine Z-drugs . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Sonata (US) is manufactured by King Pharm. of Bristol, TN; Starnoc has been discontinued in Canada. It's usually prescribed privately (rarely) in the United Kingdom ; with Zopiclone being the preferred Z-Drug by the NHS . [ edit ] Mechanism
β- Carboline (9 H - pyrido [3,4- b ] indole ) also known as norharmane is a nitrogen containing heterocycle . It is also the prototype of a class of compounds known as β-carbolines. [ edit ] Pharmacology β-Carboline alkaloids are widespread in plants and animals , and frequently act as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI).
beta-Carboline - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Abecarnil ( ZK-112,119 ) is an anxiolytic drug from the β-Carboline family. It is one of a relatively recently developed class of medicines known as the nonbenzodiazepines , which have similar effects to the older benzodiazepine group, but with quite different chemical structures . It is a partial agonist acting selectively at the benzodiazepine site of the GABA A receptor . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Abecarnil was originally developed as an anti-anxiety drug, but has not as yet been commercially developed for use in humans, instead so far mainly being used for research into the development of other new sedative and anxiolytic drugs.
Abecarnil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
ZK-93423 is an anxiolytic drug from the β-Carboline family, closely related to abecarnil . [ 1 ] It is a nonbenzodiazepine GABA A agonist which is not subtype selective and stimulates α 1 , α 2 , α 3 , and α 5 -subunit containing GABA A receptors equally. [ 2 ] It has anticonvulsant , muscle relaxant and appetite stimulating properties comparable to benzodiazepine drugs. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] ZK-93423 has also been used as a base to develop new and improved beta-carboline derivatives and help map the binding site of the GABA A receptor. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] ^ Zhang H, Larock RC (December 2002). "Synthesis of beta- and gamma-carbolines by the palladium-catalyzed iminoannulation of alkynes".
ZK-93423 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cyclopyrrolones - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cyclopyrrolones are a family of hypnotic and anxiolytic nonbenzodiazepine drugs with similar pharmacological profiles to the benzodiazepine derivatives. Although cyclopyrrolones are chemically unrelated to benzodiazepines, they function via the benzodiazepine receptor/ GABA neurotransmitter . The best known cyclopyrrolone derivatives are zopiclone (Imovane) and its enantiomer eszopiclone (Lunesta), which are used to treat insomnia , and have a known potential for abuse. Other cyclopyrrolone derivatives include suriclone , pagoclone , pazinaclone and suproclone .
Suriclone ( Suril ) is a sedative and anxiolytic drug in the cyclopyrrolone family of drugs. Other cyclopyrrolone drugs include zopiclone and pagoclone . Suriclone has a very similar pharmacological profile to the benzodiazepine family of drugs including sedative and anxiolytic properties but with less amnestic effects, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and its chemical structure is quite different from that of the benzodiazepine drugs. The mechanism of action by which suriclone produces its sedative and anxiolytic effects is by modulating GABA A receptors , although suriclone is more subtype-selective than most benzodiazepines. [ 3 ] ^ Gilburt SJ, Fairweather DB, Kerr JS, Hindmarch I.
Suriclone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Suproclone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Suproclone is a sedative and anxiolytic drug in the cyclopyrrolone family of drugs, developed by the French pharmaceutical company Rhône-Poulenc. [ 1 ] Other cyclopyrrolone drugs include zopiclone , pagoclone and suriclone . Suproclone is very similar in structure to the related drug suriclone , but little information has been published about it specifically. However it can be expected that the mechanism of action by which suproclone produces its sedative and anxiolytic effects is by modulating benzodiazepine receptors, in a similar manner to other drugs of this class. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] ^ Psychotropics.dk.Eszopiclone , marketed by Sepracor under the brand-name Lunesta , is a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic used as a treatment for insomnia . Eszopiclone is the active dextrorotatory stereoisomer of zopiclone , and belongs to the class of drugs known as cyclopyrrolones . Eszopiclone is a short acting nonbenzodiazepine sedative hypnotic.
Eszopiclone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Zopiclone (brand name Imovane in Canada, Australia and Zimovane in the UK) is a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic (a cyklopyrrolone , which increases the normal transmission of the signal substance GABA in the central nerve system, like benzodiazepines do, however in a rather different way) agent used in the treatment of insomnia . In the United States, zopiclone is not commercially available, [ 1 ] although its active stereoisomer , eszopiclone , is sold under the name Lunesta (see History ). Zopiclone is a controlled substance in the United States , Japan , Brazil and some European countries, and may be illegal to possess without a prescription.
Zopiclone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Pagoclone is an anxiolytic drug from the cyclopyrrolone family, related to better-known drugs such as the sleeping medication zopiclone . It is one of a relatively recently developed class of medicines known as the nonbenzodiazepines , which have similar effects to the older benzodiazepine group, but with quite different chemical structures . Pagoclone was originally developed as an anti-anxiety drug, but never commercialised. It is a partial agonist acting at GABA A receptors in the brain. In contrast to zopiclone, pagoclone produces anxiolytic effects with little or no sedative or amnestic actions at low doses. [ 1 ] This is because pagoclone is a subtype-selective drug which binds primarily to the α2/α3 subtypes of the GABA A receptor which are responsible for the anti-anxiety effects of these kind of drugs, but has relatively little efficacy at the α1 subtype which produces the sedative and memory loss effects. [ 2 ]