◥ University. ☢️ Quality Uni. ⚫ UK. ✊ Harvey (2009) Ranking. Relationship between items in a set A ranking is a relationship between a set of items such that, for any two items, the first is either "ranked higher than", "ranked lower than", or "ranked equal to" the second.[1] In mathematics, this is known as a weak order or total preorder of objects. It is not necessarily a total order of objects because two different objects can have the same ranking. The rankings themselves are totally ordered. For example, materials are totally preordered by hardness, while degrees of hardness are totally ordered.
If two items are the same in rank it is considered a tie. By reducing detailed measures to a sequence of ordinal numbers, rankings make it possible to evaluate complex information according to certain criteria.[2] Thus, for example, an Internet search engine may rank the pages it finds according to an estimation of their relevance, making it possible for the user quickly to select the pages they are likely to want to see. Statistics[edit] Sports[edit] League tables (finance)
⬛ THE. Agency (philosophy) Capacity of an actor to act in a given environment Agency is the capacity of an actor to act in a given environment. It is independent of the moral dimension, which is called moral agency. Human agency[edit] Agency is contrasted to objects reacting to natural forces involving only unthinking deterministic processes. In this respect, agency is subtly distinct from the concept of free will, the philosophical doctrine that our choices are not the product of causal chains, but are significantly free or undetermined. In philosophy[edit] Structure and agency forms an enduring core debate in sociology. In other sciences[edit] Other notions of agency have arisen in the field of economics/management, psychology and social cybernetics: In economics (contract theory)[edit] In psychology[edit] In social cybernetics[edit] In political economy[edit] See also[edit] Philosophy portal References[edit] Further reading[edit]
Regulatory agency. Type of government institution inside executive branch A regulatory agency (regulatory body, regulator) or independent agency (independent regulatory agency) is a government authority that is responsible for exercising autonomous dominion over some area of human activity in a licensing and regulating capacity. These are customarily set up to strengthen safety and standards, and/or to protect consumers in markets where there is a lack of effective competition. Examples of regulatory agencies that enforce standards include the Food and Drug Administration in the United States and the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency in the United Kingdom; and, in the case of economic regulation, the Office of Gas and Electricity Markets and the Telecom Regulatory Authority in India.
Legislative basis[edit] Functioning[edit] Regulatory regimes vary by country and industry. Areas[edit] By country or international organization[edit] See also[edit] References[edit] Notes[edit] ☠️ QAA. ☠️ TEF. ☠️ REF 2014. ☠️ RAE 2008.
⬛ HESA.