⊿ Point. {R} Glossary. ◢ Keyword: M. ◥ University. {q} PhD. {tr} Training. ⚫ UK. ↂ EndNote. ☝️ Weerakkody. Measurement. "Mensuration" redirects here. For the musical notation, see Mensural notation. Measurement (from Old French, mesurement) is the assignment of numbers to objects or events.[1] It is a cornerstone of most natural sciences, technology, economics, and quantitative research in other social sciences.
Standardization of measurement units[edit] Artifact-free definitions fix measurements at an exact value related to a physical constant or other invariable phenomenon in nature, in contrast to standard artifacts which can be damaged or otherwise change slowly over time. Instead, the measurement unit can only ever change through increased accuracy in determining the value of the constant it is tied to. The seven base units in the SI system. Standards[edit] With the exception of a few seemingly fundamental quantum constants, units of measurement are essentially arbitrary; in other words, people make them up and then agree to use them.
Units and systems[edit] Imperial and US Customary systems[edit] Units of measurement. For example, length is a physical quantity. The metre is a unit of length that represents a definite predetermined length. When we say 10 metres (or 10 m), we actually mean 10 times the definite predetermined length called "metre". The definition, agreement, and practical use of units of measurement have played a crucial role in human endeavour from early ages up to this day. Different systems of units used to be very common. Now there is a global standard, the International System of Units (SI), the modern form of the metric system. In trade, weights and measures is often a subject of governmental regulation, to ensure fairness and transparency. In physics and metrology, units are standards for measurement of physical quantities that need clear definitions to be useful. Science, medicine, and engineering often use larger and smaller units of measurement than those used in everyday life and indicate them more precisely.
History[edit] Systems of units[edit] Traditional systems[edit] , then: ☢️ Random. Observational error. Difference between a measured value of a quantity and its true value Observational error (or measurement error) is the difference between a measured value of a quantity and its true value.[1] In statistics, an error is not necessarily a "mistake". Variability is an inherent part of the results of measurements and of the measurement process. Measurement errors can be divided into two components: random and systematic.[2]Random errors are errors in measurement that lead to measurable values being inconsistent when repeated measurements of a constant attribute or quantity are taken.
Systematic errors are errors that are not determined by chance but are introduced by repeatable processes inherent to the system.[3] Systematic error may also refer to an error with a non-zero mean, the effect of which is not reduced when observations are averaged. [citation needed] Measurement errors can be summarized in terms of accuracy and precision. Science and experiments[edit] Characterization[edit] Likert scale. A Likert scale (/ˈlɪkərt/[1]) is a psychometric scale commonly involved in research that employs questionnaires. It is the most widely used approach to scaling responses in survey research, such that the term is often used interchangeably with rating scale, or more accurately the Likert-type scale, even though the two are not synonymous.
The scale is named after its inventor, psychologist Rensis Likert.[2] Likert distinguished between a scale proper, which emerges from collective responses to a set of items (usually eight or more), and the format in which responses are scored along a range. Technically speaking, a Likert scale refers only to the former. Likert scales and items[edit] A Likert scale pertaining to Wikipedia can be calculated using these five Likert items.
An important distinction must be made between a Likert scale and a Likert item. The format of a typical five-level Likert item, for example, could be: Strongly disagreeDisagreeNeither agree nor disagreeAgreeStrongly agree. IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology. Skandia Navigator. Performance Measurement System. Die Leistungsmessung eines Unternehmens bzw. einer Unternehmenseinheit ist eine der Bedeutungen des Begriffes „Performance Measurement“ aus dem im deutschen Geschäftsleben häufig üblichen englischsprachigen Jargon. In der Theorie und Praxis existieren eine Vielzahl von Performance-Measurement-Systemen. Die bekanntesten sind: Balanced scorecard. The balanced scorecard (BSC) is a strategy performance management tool - a semi-standard structured report, supported by design methods and automation tools, that can be used by managers to keep track of the execution of activities by the staff within their control and to monitor the consequences arising from these actions.[1][2] Characteristics[edit] The characteristic of the balanced scorecard and its derivatives is the presentation of a mixture of financial and non-financial measures each compared to a 'target' value within a single concise report.
The report is not meant to be a replacement for traditional financial or operational reports but a succinct summary that captures the information most relevant to those reading it. It is the method by which this 'most relevant' information is determined (i.e., the design processes used to select the content) that most differentiates the various versions of the tool in circulation. History[edit] Design[edit] Original design method[edit]
House of Quality. QFD House of Quality for Enterprise Product Development Processes The basic structure is a table with "Whats" as the labels on the left and "Hows" across the top. The roof is a diagonal matrix of "Hows vs. Hows" and the body of the house is a matrix of "Whats vs. Hows". House of Quality analysis can also be cascaded, with "Hows" from one level becoming the "Whats" of a lower level; as this progresses the decisions get closer to the engineering/manufacturing details. A Flash tutorial exists showing the build process of the traditional QFD "House of Quality" (HOQ).[4] References[edit] External links[edit]