Geographic spread and ethnic origins of European haplogroups. Disclaimer The information about the origin and ethnic association of haplogroups on this website should not be read as hard facts, but, as is often the case in science, as a model in constant evolution based on the present knowledge and understanding (of the author). Whenever the advancement of genetics couldn't provide irrefutable answers, we have attempted to provide the most likely and logical hypothesis based on archeological, historical and linguistic evidence. This page is being updated regularly to keep up with recent studies giving additional insights or rectifying possibly erroneous theories. Feel free to add comments or share your opinion on the forum.
Introduction to historical population genetics DNA studies have permitted to categorise all humans on Earth in genealogical groups sharing one common ancestor at one given point in prehistory. The study of Y-chromosomes is far more interesting than that of mitochondrial DNA for two reasons. Mesolithic Europe Click to enlarge.
MacKenzie Clan DNA Project. Clan MacKenzie DNA Project Results Report as of 14 February 2011 Y-DNA results: We can now see that the MacKenzie clan is composed of multiple patriarchs who migrated from different parts of the world to create the clan in Scotland. We have identified several lines that show relationship between two or more testers plus many others who do not yet have a MacKenzie match. Haplogroups are DNA signatures that are used to look at migrations of man. A resource on this topic is Spencer Wells, Deep Ancestry. To see research and graphics of the Y-DNA tree, go to ISOGG YSNP Tree.
The Y-DNA Haplogroups in Clan MacKenzie are: E = 0.4% I = 13.4% J = 2.5% R1a = 1.7% R1b = 81.6% T = 0.4% The largest related group of MacKenzie men is the Hgp R1b>L21>L513 MacKenzie Core at 21.8% of the entire project. The Dalriada DNA signature was first identified by Mark MacDonald of Clan Donald. . • Haplogroup J began 15,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent, an area that today includes Israel, the West Bank. The Individualist: Haplogroup K (Y-DNA) Archaeogenetics See Also Description In human genetics, Haplogroup K (M9) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. It first appeared approximately 40,000 years ago in Iran or southern Central Asia. Today, haplogroup K and its descendant haplogroups are the patrilineal ancestors of most of the people living in the Northern Hemisphere, including most Europeans, many Indians, and almost all Asians.
Its subgroup K2 (M70) is present at a low level throughout Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. Links Spread of Haplogroup K from National Geographic Attribution This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. The Individualist: Haplogroup R (Y-DNA) Archaeogenetics See Also Description In human genetics, Haplogroup R (M207) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. Haplogroup R is a subgroup of haplogroup P, associated with the M207 change.
It is believed to have occurred somewhere in North West Asia between 30,000 and 35,000 years ago. The majority of members of haplogroup R belong to the sub-haplogroup R1, defined by marker M173, with its main subgroups R1a1 (M17) and R1b (M343). Haplogroup R1 is very common throughout Europe and western Eurasia. Haplogroup R, for instance, is identified by a y chromosome mutation known as M173. Source The reason a lot of western Europeans have it is because it defines an expansion in the end of the last ice age as people moved north out of Iberia (ancient Spain) . The Middle Eastern marker, M89, represents a wave of migration out of Africa that occurred around 45,000 years ago.Every non-African has M168, which appeared in eastern Africa around 60,000 years ago. Links Attribution. The Individualist: Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)
Archaeogenetics See Also In human genetics, Haplogroup R1b (M343) (previously called Hg1 and Eu18) is the most frequent Y-chromosome haplogroup in Europe. Its frequency is highest in Western Europe (and due to European emigration, in North America). In Southern England the frequency of R1b is about 70% and in parts of Spain, Portugal and Ireland, it is as high as 90%. Origins and subgroups Haplogroup R1b is an offshoot of Haplogroup R1 (M173), characterised by the M343 marker.
Present-day Europeans with M343 also have the markers P25 and M269. Populations characterised as R1b1a (M18) and R1b1b (M73) with those distinctive markers but no M269 have been found, in Sardinia, and in central Asia, respectively. Source (Note that in earlier literature the M269 marker, rather than M343, was used to define the R1b haplogroup. The majority of men of European descent belong to R1b.
Connection with the peopling of Europe Modal Haplotypes Discussion Links Attribution. The Individualist: Haplogroup R1a1 (Y-DNA) Archaeogenetics See Also In human genetics, Haplogroup R1a1 (M17) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup that is spread across Eurasia. It is common in Europe, Northern Central Asia and India. In Europe the highest frequencies are in Eastern Europe. Origins The first carriers of the R1a1 haplotype are believed to have been nomadic farmers in the steppes of east Europe about 10,000 years ago.
Spread of haplogroup R1a. Europe R1a1 is spread across whole of Europe, with the highest concentrations found in Eastern Europe. The other two major genetic flow patters that can be seen from the R1a1 distribution are of the Slavic migrations from north eastern Europe to the Balkans as well as a distribution along the western coast of Europe and the British Isles which is believed to be connected to the Vikings. India In India initial studies observed a correlation between the Brahmin caste and the R1a haplogroup, which is consistent with a northern migration from Central Asia. Relationship to other haplogroups.