Natural capital. Remarks from 1937 by FDR on "natural capital" and "balancing the budget of our resources" §History of the concept[edit] Natural capital is one approach to ecosystem valuation which revolves around the idea, in contrast to traditional economics, that non-human life produces essential resources. Thus, ecological health is essential to the sustainability of the economy. In Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution[2] the author claims that the global economy is within a larger economy of natural resources and ecosystem services that sustain us. In a traditional economic analysis of the factors of production, natural capital would usually be classified as "land" distinct from traditional "capital". The term 'natural capital' was first used by in 1973 by E.F.
Within the international community, the basic principle is not controversial, but there is significant controversy over methods of valuing different aspects of ecological health and natural capital. §See also[edit] Common-pool resource. The use of many common-pool resources, if managed carefully, can be extended because the resource system forms a positive feedback loop, where the stock variable continually regenerates the fringe variable as long as the stock variable is not compromised, providing an optimum amount of consumption. However, consumption exceeding the fringe value reduces the stock variable, which in turn decreases the flow variable.
If the stock variable is allowed to regenerate then the fringe and flow variables may also recover to initial levels, but in many cases the loss is irreparable. [citation needed] Common property regime[edit] Common property regimes arise when appropriators acting independently threaten the total net benefit from common-pool resource. So in order to maintain the resource system, these regimes coordinate their strategies to keep the resource as a common property, instead of dividing it up into bits of private property. Adaptive governance[edit] Criticisms[edit] See also[edit] Digital Library Of The Commons. Digital Library of the Commons hidden Image DatabaseExport Citations Menu: Search the DLC Advanced Search Browse the DLC My Account Commons Links DLC Home Digital Library Of The Commons Repository The Digital Library of the Commons (DLC) is a gateway to the international literature on the commons. Submit an Item DLC is a collaborative project of the: Generous funding has also been provided by the: About The Commons Feedback - Tell us about your user experience Select a Document Type Vincent and Elinor Ostrom Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis | 513 N.
Category:Commons. = What we share. Creations of both nature and society that belong to all of us equally, and should be maintained for future generations. The Commons has the potential to replace the commodity as the determining form of re-/producing societal living conditions. Such a replacement can only occur, if communities constitute themselves for every aspect of life, in order to take „their“ commons back and to reintegrate them into a new need-focused logic of re-/production. [1] This new section exclusively devoted to the emergence of Commons in various fields. Most commons fall into three general categories – gifts of nature, material creations, and intangible creations (i.e. the Three Commons. [2].
Here are the Four Rules against the False Abundance of the Eternal Growth Economy. Introduction by Paul Hartzog: Defining the Global Commons David Bollier and Silke Helfrich: The Commons Beyond Market and State In politics: Mapping a Coalition for the Commons. Twelve Key Assets of Ogallala Commons 0. Enclosure. Decaying hedges mark the lines of the straight field boundaries created by the 1768 Parliamentary Act of Enclosure of Boldron Moor, County Durham. In English social and economic history, enclosure or inclosure[1] is the process which ends traditional rights such as mowing meadows for hay, or grazing livestock on common land formerly held in the open field system. Once enclosed, these uses of the land become restricted to the owner, and it ceases to be land for commons. In England and Wales the term is also used for the process that ended the ancient system of arable farming in open fields.
Under enclosure, such land is fenced (enclosed) and deeded or entitled to one or more owners. Enclosure could be accomplished by buying the ground rights and all common rights to accomplish exclusive rights of use, which increased the value of the land. W. Enclosure is considered one of the causes of the British Agricultural Revolution. Early History[edit] Tudor Enclosures[edit] Enclosure riots[edit] Tragedy of the commons. The tragedy of the commons concept is often cited in connection with sustainable development, meshing economic growth and environmental protection, as well as in the debate over global warming. It has also been used in analyzing behavior in the fields of economics, evolutionary psychology, anthropology, game theory, politics, taxation, and sociology. However the concept, as originally developed, has also received criticism for not taking into account the many other factors operating to enforce or agree on regulation in this scenario. Lloyd's pamphlet[edit] In 1833, the English economist William Forster Lloyd published a pamphlet which included an example of herders sharing a common parcel of land on which they are each entitled to let their cows graze.
In English villages, shepherds had sometimes grazed their sheep in common areas, and sheep ate grass more severely than cows. Garrett Hardin's article[edit] [edit] As a metaphor, the tragedy of the commons should not be taken too literally. Commons. This article is about the term "commons" in political economics. It is not to be confused with common land.
The commons is the cultural and natural resources accessible to all members of a society, including natural materials such as air, water, and a habitable earth. These resources are held in common, not owned privately. Definition and modern use[edit] The definition from the Digital Library of the Commons is; "the commons is a general term for shared resources in which each stakeholder has an equal interest".[1] The term "commons" derives from the traditional English legal term for common land, which are also known as "commons", and was popularised in the modern sense as a shared resource term by the ecologist Garrett Hardin in an influential 1968 article called The Tragedy of the Commons. Types of commons[edit] Environmental[edit] The examples below illustrate types of environmental commons. European land use[edit] Main article: Common land Mongolian grasslands[edit] Digital commons[edit]