Reading the brain: Mind-goggling. Crowd psychology. Crowd psychology, also known as mob psychology, is a branch of social psychology. Social psychologists have developed several theories for explaining the ways in which the psychology of the crowd differs from and interacts with that of the individuals within it. Major theorists in crowd psychology include Gustave Le Bon, Gabriel Tarde, Sigmund Freud and Steve Reicher. This field relates to the behaviors and thought processes of both the individual crowd members and the crowd as an entity.[1] Crowd behavior is heavily influenced by the loss of responsibility of the individual and the impression of universality of behavior, both of which increase with the size of the crowd.[2][3] Origins[edit] The psychological study of crowd phenomena began in the decades just prior to 1900 as European culture was imbued with thoughts of the fin de siècle. The first debate in crowd psychology began in Rome at the first International Congress of Criminal Anthropology on 16 November 1885.
See also[edit] Noosphere. Biomusicology. Biomusicology is the study of music from a biological point of view. The term was coined by Nils L. Wallin in 1991.[1] Music is an aspect of the behaviour of the human and possibly other species. As humans are living organisms, the scientific study of music is therefore part of biology, thus the "bio" in "biomusicology. " Biomusicologists are expected to have completed formal studies in both biology or other experimental sciences and musicology including music theory. The three main branches of biomusicology are evolutionary musicology, neuromusicology, and comparative musicology.
Applied biomusicology "attempts to provide biological insight into such things as the therapeutic uses of music in medical and psychological treatment; widespread use of music in the audiovisual media such as film and television; the ubiquitous presence of music in public places and its role in influencing mass behavior; and the potential use of music to function as a general enhancer of learning See also[edit] Brainwave entrainment. Brainwave Entrainment is any practice that aims to cause brainwave frequencies to fall into step with a periodic stimulus having a frequency corresponding to the intended brain-state (for example, to induce sleep), usually attempted with the use of specialized software.
It purportedly depends upon a "frequency following" response on the assumption that the human brain has a tendency to change its dominant EEG frequency towards the frequency of a dominant external stimulus. [citation needed] Such a stimulus is often aural, as in the case of binaural or monaural beats and isochronic tones, or else visual, as with a dreamachine, a combination of the two with a mind machine, or even electromagnetic radiation.
Hemispheric Synchronization, a potential and generally desired result of brainwave entrainment, refers to a state when the brainwave pattern of the right and left hemispheres become alike. A person with similar activity in both hemispheres is alleged[by whom?] History[edit] Notes[edit] Isochronic tones. Isochronic tones. Evolutionary musicology. History[edit] The origins of the field can be traced back to Charles Darwin who wrote in his Descent of Man: "When we treat of sexual selection we shall see that primeval man, or rather some early progenitor of man, probably first used his voice in producing true musical cadences, that is in singing, as do some of the gibbon-apes at the present day; and we may conclude from a widely-spread analogy, that this power would have been especially exerted during the courtship of the sexes,--would have expressed various emotions, such as love, jealousy, triumph,--and would have served as a challenge to rivals.
It is, therefore, probable that the imitation of musical cries by articulate sounds may have given rise to words expressive of various complex emotions. "[1] This theory of a musical protolanguage has been revived and re-discovered repeatedly, often without attribution to Darwin.[2][3] The origin of music[edit] The Musilanguage hypothesis[edit] Properties of the musilanguage stage[edit] Collective consciousness. Collective conscious or collective conscience (French: conscience collective) is the set of shared beliefs, ideas and moral attitudes which operate as a unifying force within society.[1] The term was introduced by the French sociologist Émile Durkheim in his Division of Labour in Society in 1893.
The French word conscience can be translated into English as "conscious" or "conscience" (conscience morale), or even "perception"[2] or "awareness", and commentators and translators of Durkheim disagree on which is most appropriate, or whether the translation should depend on the context. Some prefer to treat the word 'conscience' as an untranslatable foreign word or technical term, without its normal English meaning.[3] In general, it does not refer to the specifically moral conscience, but to a shared understanding of social norms.[4] Collective consciousness in Durkheimian social theory[edit] Other uses of the term[edit] See also[edit] Notes[edit] References[edit] Works by Durkheim Works by others. Collective identity. Collective identity is the shared sense of belonging to a group. It is conceptualized as individuals’ identifications of, identifications with, or attachment to certain groups.
Collective Identity in Sociology[edit] In 1989, Alberto Melucci published Nomads of the Present, which introduces his model of collective identity based on studies of the social movements of the 1980s. Melucci based his ideas on the writings by Touraine and Pizzorno, specifically their ideas on social movements and collective action respectively.[1] Alberto Melucci writes, “collective identity is an interactive and shared definition produced by several interacting individuals who are concerned with the orientation of their action as well as the field of opportunities and constraints in which their action takes place.”
Melucci, in his writing "The Process of Collective Identity" argues for collective identity as a useful analytical tool to explain social movements. Collective Identity in Social Psychology[edit] Isochronous. A sequence of events is isochronous if the events occur regularly, or at equal time intervals. Isochronous timing differs from synchronous timing, in that the latter refers to relative timing between two or more sequences of events. The term isochronous is used in several technical contexts, but often refers to the primary subject maintaining a certain interval, despite variations in other measurable factors in the same system. This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration document "Federal Standard 1037C" (in support of MIL-STD-188).