Risk & Risk Management III
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An essential nutrient is a nutrient required for normal body functioning that either cannot be synthesized by the body at all, or cannot be synthesized in amounts adequate for good health (e.g. niacin , choline ), and thus must be obtained from a dietary source. Essential nutrients are also defined by the collective physiological evidence for their importance in the diet, as represented in e.g.
Essential nutrient
Oleic acid is a fatty acid that occurs naturally in various animal and vegetable fats and oils . It is an odorless, colourless oil, although commercial samples may be yellowish. In chemical terms, oleic acid is classified as a monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid , abbreviated with a lipid number of 18:1 cis -9.
Oleic acid
Monounsaturated fat
In biochemistry and nutrition, monounsaturated fats or MUFA (MonoUnsaturated Fatty Acid) are fatty acids that have one double bond in the fatty acid chain and all of the remainder of the carbon atoms in the chain are single-bonded .Antiestrogen
An antiestrogen is a substance that blocks the production or utilization of estrogens , [ 1 ] or inhibits their effects. [ 2 ] (Estrogens are the family of hormones that promote the development and maintenance of female sex characteristics .)
Sirolimus
Sirolimus ( INN / USAN ), also known as rapamycin , is an immunosuppressant drug used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation ; it is especially useful in kidney transplants.
Example of a phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogen with the characteristic vinyl ether linkage at the sn-1 position and an ester linkage at the sn-2 position Plasmalogens are a type of ether phospholipid characterized by the presence of a vinyl ether linkage at the sn-1 position and an ester linkage at the sn-2 position. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] In mammals, the sn-1 position is typically derived from C16:0, C18:0, or C18:1 fatty alcohols while the sn-2 position is most commonly occupied by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The most common head groups present in mammalian plasmalogens are ethanolamine (designated plasmenylethalomines) or choline (designated plasmenylcholines).
Plasmalogen
Docosahexaenoic acid
Docosahexaenoic acid ( DHA ) is an omega-3 fatty acid that is a primary structural component of the human brain, cerebral cortex , skin , sperm , testicles and retina . It can be synthesized from alpha-linolenic acid or obtained directly from maternal milk or fish oil. [ 1 ] DHA's structure is a carboxylic acid (~oic acid) with a 22- carbon chain ( docosa- is Greek for 22) and six ( Greek "hexa") cis double bonds (-en~); [ 2 ] the first double bond is located at the third carbon from the omega end. [ 3 ] Its trivial name is cervonic acid , its systematic name is all-cis -docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexa-enoic acid , and its shorthand name is 22:6(n-3) in the nomenclature of fatty acids .In organic chemistry , a radical-substitution reaction is a substitution reaction involving free radicals as a reactive intermediate . [ 1 ]
Radical substitution
Free-radical addition
Free-radical addition is an addition reaction in organic chemistry involving free radicals . [ 1 ] The addition may occur between a radical and a non-radical, or between two radicals.Benfotiamine ( rINN , or S -benzoylthiamine O-monophosphate ) is a synthetic S-acyl derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1). It has been licensed for use in Germany since 1993.
Benfotiamine
Methylglyoxal , also called pyruvaldehyde or 2-oxopropanal (CH 3 -CO-CH=O or C 3 H 4 O 2 ) is the aldehyde form of pyruvic acid .
Methylglyoxal
4-Hydroxynonenal
4-Hydroxynonenal , or 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal or 4-HNE or HNE, ( C 9 H 16 O 2 ), is an α,β-unsaturated hydroxyalkenal which is produced by lipid peroxidation in cells. 4-HNE is the primary alpha,beta-unsaturated hydroxyalkenal formed in this process. 4-HNE has 3 reactive groups: an aldehyde, a double-bond at carbon 2, and a hydroxy group at carbon 4.Malondialdehyde is the organic compound with the formula CH 2 (CHO) 2 .