Processes & Calculations III
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An artificial neural network (ANN) , usually called neural network (NN) , is a mathematical model or computational model that is inspired by the structure and/or functional aspects of biological neural networks . A neural network consists of an interconnected group of artificial neurons , and it processes information using a connectionist approach to computation . In most cases an ANN is an adaptive system that changes its structure based on external or internal information that flows through the network during the learning phase.
Artificial neural network - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Decision tree learning - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Decision tree learning , used in statistics , data mining and machine learning , uses a decision tree as a predictive model which maps observations about an item to conclusions about the item's target value.
In pattern recognition , the k -nearest neighbor algorithm ( k -NN) is a method for classifying objects based on closest training examples in the feature space . k -NN is a type of instance-based learning , or lazy learning where the function is only approximated locally and all computation is deferred until classification. The k -nearest neighbor algorithm is amongst the simplest of all machine learning algorithms: an object is classified by a majority vote of its neighbors, with the object being assigned to the class most common amongst its k nearest neighbors ( k is a positive integer , typically small).
k-nearest neighbor algorithm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bayesian statistics is that subset of the entire field of statistics in which the evidence about the true state of the world is expressed in terms of degrees of belief or, more specifically, Bayesian probabilities . Such an interpretation is only one of a number of interpretations of probability and there are many other statistical techniques that are not based on "degrees of belief". Bayesian inference is an approach to statistical inference , that is distinct from the more traditional frequentist inference . It is specifically based on the use of Bayesian probabilities to summarise evidence.
Bayesian statistics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Machine learning , a branch of artificial intelligence , is a scientific discipline concerned with the design and development of algorithms that allow computers to evolve behaviors based on empirical data , such as from sensor data or databases .
Machine learning - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Supervised learning - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Supervised learning is the machine learning task of inferring a function from supervised (labeled) training data. The training data consist of a set of training examples . In supervised learning, each example is a pair consisting of an input object (typically a vector) and a desired output value (also called the supervisory signal ).Support vector machine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A support vector machine ( SVM ) is a concept in statistics and computer science for a set of related supervised learning methods that analyze data and recognize patterns, used for classification and regression analysis . The standard SVM takes a set of input data and predicts, for each given input, which of two possible classes forms the input, making the SVM a non- probabilistic binary linear classifier . Given a set of training examples, each marked as belonging to one of two categories, an SVM training algorithm builds a model that assigns new examples into one category or the other.
In statistics and survey methodology , sampling is concerned with the selection of a subset of individuals from within a population to estimate characteristics of the whole population. Researchers rarely survey the entire population because the cost of a census is too high. The three main advantages of sampling are that the cost is lower, data collection is faster, and since the data set is smaller it is possible to ensure homogeneity and to improve the accuracy and quality of the data.
Sampling (statistics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Centroid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In geometry , the centroid , geometric center , or barycenter of a plane figure or two-dimensional shape X is the intersection of all straight lines that divide X into two parts of equal moment about the line. Informally, it is the "average" ( arithmetic mean ) of all points of X . The definition extends to any object X in n - dimensional space : its centroid is the intersection of all hyperplanes that divide X into two parts of equal moment. In physics , the word centroid means the geometric center of the object's shape, as above, but barycenter may also mean its physical center of mass or the center of gravity , depending on the context.
Biosynthesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Biosynthesis (also called biogenesis ) is an enzyme-catalyzed process in cells of living organisms by which substrates are converted to more complex products . [ 1 ] The biosynthesis process often consists of several enzymatic steps in which the product of one step is used as substrate in the following step. Examples for such multi-step biosynthetic pathways are those for the production of amino acids , fatty acids , and natural products . [ 2 ] Biosynthesis plays a major role in all cells, and many dedicated metabolic routes combined constitute general metabolism. The prerequisites for biosynthesis are precursor compounds, chemical energy (such as in the form ATP ), and catalytic enzymes , which may require reduction equivalents (e.g., in the form of NADH , NADPH ). Commonly known complex products of biosynthesis include proteins , vitamins , and antibiotics . Most organic compounds in living organisms are built in biosynthetic pathways.Respiration - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Respiration (physiology) and breathing, the physiological process that enables animals to exchange carbon dioxide, the primary product of cellular respiration, for fresh air Artificial respiration , the act of simulating respiration, which provides for the overall exchange of gases in the body by pulmonary ventilation, external respiration and internal respiration Cheyne-Stokes respiration , an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by progressively deeper and sometimes faster breathing, followed by a gradual decrease that results in a temporary stop in breathing called an apnea Photorespiration , the process by which RuBP (a sugar) has oxygen added to it by the main enzyme involved in photosynthesis, rubisco, instead of carbon dioxide as happens during photosynthesisBiomimetics is the study of the structure and function of biological systems as models for the design and engineering of materials and machines. It is widely regarded as being synonymous with biomimicry , biomimesis , biognosis and similar to biologically inspired design . [ edit ] History The term biomimetics is derived from the Greek word βίος, bios, "life" and the suffix mimetic, "having an aptitude for mimicry", the latter being a word originally used in the 1630s, derived from the Greek μιμητικός, mimetikos, "imitative,". [ 1 ]
Biomimetics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Termination type , in lithic reduction, a characteristic indicating the manner in which the distal end of a lithic flake detaches from a core
Termination - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
An invention is a unique or novel device , method, composition, process or discovery.
Invention - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
license 2 [ˈlaɪs ə ns] Collins Spanish Dictionary - Complete and Unabridged 8th Edition 2005 © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1971, 1988 © HarperCollins Publishers 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005