Processes & Calculations II
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Transposons , or genetic transposition, a mutation in which a chromosomal segment is transferred to a new position on the same or another chromosome
Transposition - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Six degrees of separation , the idea that everyone is on average approximately six steps away, by way of introduction, from any other person on... could be less 4.74 degrees only?
Separation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sonication is the act of applying sound (usually ultrasound ) energy to agitate particles in a sample, for various purposes. In the laboratory, it is usually applied using an ultrasonic bath or an ultrasonic probe , colloquially known as a sonicator. In a paper machine , an ultrasonic foil can distribute cellulose fibres more uniformly and strengthen the paper. Sonication has numerous effects, both chemical and physical. The chemical effects of ultrasound, i.e., sonochemistry is concerned with understanding the effect of sonic waves on chemical systems. The chemical effects of ultrasound do not come from a direct interaction with molecular species.
Sonication - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Shuttling - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary
a : a device used in weaving for passing the thread of the weft between the threads of the warp b : a spindle-shaped device holding the thread in tatting, knotting, or netting c : a sliding thread holder for the lower thread of a sewing machine that carries the lower thread through a loop of the upper thread to make a stitch a : a going back and forth regularly over an often short route by a vehicle b (1) : an established route used in a shuttle (2) : a vehicle used in a shuttle c : space shuttle
Nanobiotechnology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bionanotechnology , nanobiotechnology , and nanobiology are terms that refer to the intersection of nanotechnology and biology . [ 1 ] Given that the subject is one that has only emerged very recently, bionanotechnology and nanobiotechnology serve as blanket terms for various related technologies. This discipline helps to indicate the merger of biological research with various fields of nanotechnology. Concepts that are enhanced through nanobiology include: nanodevices , nanoparticles , and nanoscale phenomena that occurs within the disciple of nanotechnology. This technical approach to biology allows scientists to imagine and create systems that can be used for biological research. Biologically-inspired nanotechnology uses biological systems as the inspirations for technologies not yet created.
Downhill folding - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Downhill folding is a process in which a protein folds without encountering any significant macroscopic free energy barrier . It is a key prediction of the folding funnel hypothesis of the energy landscape theory of proteins. [ edit ] Overview Downhill folding is predicted to occur under conditions of extreme native bias, i.e. at low temperatures or in the absence of denaturants . This corresponds to the type 0 scenario in the energy landscape theory. At temperatures or denaturant concentrations close to their apparent midpoints , proteins may switch from downhill to two-state folding, the type 0 to type 1 transition.
Denaturation (biochemistry) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This egg 's protein has undergone denaturation and loss of solubility, caused by the high rise of the temperature of the egg during the cooking process. Denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the tertiary structure and secondary structure which is present in their native state , by application of some external stress or compound such as a strong acid or base , a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform ), or heat . If proteins in a living cell are denatured, this results in disruption of cell activity and possibly cell death. Denatured proteins can exhibit a wide range of characteristics, from loss of solubility to communal aggregation . This concept is unrelated to denatured alcohol , which is alcohol that has been mixed with additives to make it unsuitable for human consumption.
Protein folding - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Protein before and after folding. Protein folding is the process by which a protein structure assumes its functional shape or conformation. It is the physical process by which a polypeptide folds into its characteristic and functional three-dimensional structure from random coil . [ 1 ] Each protein exists as an unfolded polypeptide or random coil when translated from a sequence of mRNA to a linear chain of amino acids . This polypeptide lacks any developed three-dimensional structure (the left hand side of the neighboring figure). Amino acids interact with each other to produce a well-defined three-dimensional structure, the folded protein (the right hand side of the figure), known as the native state .
Biological engineering - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Modeling of the spread of disease using Cellular Automata and Nearest Neighbor Interactions Biological engineering , biotechnological engineering or bioengineering (including biological systems engineering ) is the application of concepts and methods of biology (and secondarily of physics , chemistry , mathematics , and computer science ) to solve problems in life sciences , using engineering 's own analytical and synthetic methodologies and also its traditional sensitivity to the cost and practicality of the solution(s) arrived at. In this context, while traditional engineering applies physical and mathematical sciences to analyze, design and manufacture inanimate tools, structures and processes , biological engineering uses primarily the rapidly-developing body of knowledge known as molecular biology to study and advance applications of living organisms .Protein design is the design of new protein molecules, either from scratch or by making calculated variations on a known structure. The use of rational design techniques for proteins is a major aspect of protein engineering . The design of minimalist computer models of proteins ( lattice proteins ), and the secondary structural modification of real proteins, began in the mid-1990s. The de novo design of real proteins became possible shortly afterwards, and in the 21st century it has become a productive field of research.
Protein design - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Protein engineering is the process of developing useful or valuable proteins . It is a young discipline, with much research taking place into the understanding of protein folding and recognition for protein design principles. There are two general strategies for protein engineering, rational design and directed evolution . These techniques are not mutually exclusive; researchers will often apply both. In the future, more detailed knowledge of protein structure and function , as well as advancements in high-throughput technology , may greatly expand the capabilities of protein engineering.