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Temporal lobe. The temporal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals.

Temporal lobe

The temporal lobe is located beneath the lateral fissure on both cerebral hemispheres of the mammalian brain.[3] The temporal lobes are involved in the retention of visual memories, processing sensory input, comprehending language, storing new memories, emotion, and deriving meaning.[4]:21 Structure[edit] Medial temporal lobe[edit] The medial temporal lobe consists of structures that are vital for declarative or long-term memory.

Research has shown that lesions in the hippocampus of monkeys results in limited impairment of function, whereas extensive lesions that include the hippocampus and the medial temporal cortex result in severe impairment.[5] Function[edit] Visual memories[edit] Pons. The pons is also called the pons Varolii ("bridge of Varoli"), after the Italian anatomist and surgeon Costanzo Varolio (1543–75).[1] This white matter includes tracts that conduct signals from the cerebrum down to the cerebellum and medulla, and tracts that carry the sensory signals up into the thalamus.[2] The pons in humans measures about 2.5 cm or 1 inch in length.

Pons

Most of it appears as a broad anterior bulge rostral to the medulla. Posteriorly, it consists mainly of two pairs of thick stalks called cerebellar peduncles. Parietal lobe. The parietal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals.

Parietal lobe

Parahippocampal gyrus. Parahippocampal gyrus It has been involved in some cases of hippocampal sclerosis.[2] Asymmetry has been observed in schizophrenia.[3] Structure[edit] The anterior part of the gyrus includes the perirhinal and entorhinal cortices[citation needed].

Parahippocampal gyrus

The term parahippocampal cortex is used to refer to an area that encompasses both the posterior parahippocampal gyrus and the medial portion of the fusiform gyrus. Function[edit] Scene recognition[edit] Damage to the PPA (for example, due to stroke) often leads to a syndrome in which patients cannot visually recognize scenes even though they can recognize the individual objects in the scenes (such as people, furniture, etc.). Social context[edit] Occipital lobe. Limbic system. The limbic system (or paleomammalian brain) is a complex set of brain structures that lies on both sides of the thalamus, right under the cerebrum.[1] It is not a separate system, but a collection of structures from the telencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon.[2] It includes the olfactory bulbs, hippocampus, amygdala, anterior thalamic nuclei, fornix, columns of fornix, mammillary body, septum pellucidum, habenular commissure, cingulate gyrus, Parahippocampal gyrus, limbic cortex, and limbic midbrain areas.

Limbic system

The limbic system supports a variety of functions, including emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and olfaction.[3] It appears to be primarily responsible for emotional life, and it has a great deal to do with the formation of memories. Medulla oblongata. Structure of the brain stem The medulla oblongata or simply medulla is a long stem-like structure which makes up part of the brainstem.

Medulla oblongata

It is anterior and partially inferior to the cerebellum. It is a cone-shaped neuronal mass responsible for autonomic (involuntary) functions ranging from vomiting to sneezing. The medulla contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers and therefore deals with the autonomic functions of breathing, heart rate and blood pressure as well as the sleep wake cycle. The bulb is an archaic term for the medulla oblongata and in modern clinical usage the word bulbar (as in bulbar palsy) is retained for terms that relate to the medulla oblongata, particularly in reference to medical conditions. Anatomy[edit] Medulla oblongata (animation) Medulla and parts (10-16) - (10) pyramid; (11) the anterior median fissure; (15) is the choroid plexus in the fourth ventricle; (13) olive and (7) the pons. Frontal lobe. The frontal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals.

Frontal lobe

The frontal lobe is located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere and positioned anterior to (in front of) the parietal lobe and superior and anterior to the temporal lobes. It is separated from the parietal lobe by a space between tissues called the central sulcus, and from the temporal lobe by a deep fold called the lateral (Sylvian) sulcus. The precentral gyrus, forming the posterior border of the frontal lobe, contains the primary motor cortex, which controls voluntary movements of specific body parts. The frontal lobe contains most of the dopamine-sensitive neurons in the cerebral cortex.

The dopamine system is associated with reward, attention, short-term memory tasks, planning, and motivation. Structure[edit] Animation. Fornix of the brain. The fornix (Latin, "vault" or "arch") is a C-shaped bundle of fibers (axons) in the brain, and carries signals from the hippocampus to the hypothalamus.

Fornix of the brain

Cingulate cortex. Sagittal MRI slice with highlighting indicating location of the cingulate cortex.

Cingulate cortex

The cingulate cortex is a part of the brain situated in the medial aspect of the cerebral cortex. The cingulate cortex includes the cortex of the cingulate gyrus, which lies immediately above the corpus callosum, and the continuation of this in the cingulate sulcus. The cingulate cortex is usually considered part of the limbic lobe. History[edit] Brodmann areas of a medial section of the right hemisphere.

Subdivisions[edit] Based on cerebral cytoarchitectonics it has been divided into the Brodmann areas 23, 24, 26, 29, 30, 31 and 32. Anterior cingulate cortex[edit] Posterior cingulate cortex[edit] This corresponds to area 23 of Brodmann LP of von Economo and Bailey and von Bonin. Cerebellum. This article is about the smaller region in the lower part of the brain.

Cerebellum

For the large region of the brain, see Cerebrum. The cerebellum (Latin for "little brain") is a region of the brain that plays an important role in motor control. It may also be involved in some cognitive functions such as attention and language, and in regulating fear and pleasure responses;[1] its movement-related functions are the most solidly established. Amygdala. Human brain in the coronal orientation. Amygdalae are shown in dark red. Structure[edit] MRI coronal view of the left amygdala Anatomically, the amygdala[7] and more particularly, its central and medial nuclei,[8] have sometimes been classified as a part of the basal ganglia. Hemispheric specializations[edit] There are functional differences between the right and left amygdala. Each side holds a specific function in how we perceive and process emotion. The right hemisphere of the amygdala is associated with negative emotion. The right hemisphere is also linked to declarative memory, which consists of information that can be consciously recalled.

Amygdalar Development[edit] There is considerable growth within the first few years of structural development in both male and female amygdalae. In addition to longer periods of development, other neurological and hormonal factors may contribute to sex-specific developmental differences. Sex differences[edit] Function[edit] Anatomy of the Brain. Hippocampus. MRI coronal view of a hippocampus shown in red The hippocampus (named after its resemblance to the seahorse, from the Greek hippos meaning "horse" and kampos meaning "sea monster") is a major component of the brains of humans and other vertebrates.

It belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory and spatial navigation.