Ir.ihep.ac.cn/bitstream/311005/138932/1/sh01053321.pdf. Lung tissue, SEM - Stock Image C013/2297. Ciliated and nonciliated Clara cells - Stock Image C005/8119. Clara_cells1307339032119.jpg (415×367) 213 Veterinary Respiratory Pathophysiology, Fall 2005. BIOL 210 Photo-montage. [Go to semester: Fall 2002, Fall 2003, Spring 2005, Spring 2006] The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to teach principles of electron optics and digital imaging for the study of surface morphology and microstructure of materials.
The following micrographs were captured by students in BIOL 210. (below, left) Cleavage in a sample of citrine, a semi-precious stone. (Adam Hill '08) (below, right) The same sample at a higher magnification. (Adam Hill '08) Figure 1. Resolution: standard / high The distal airway epithelium contains alveolar type I and type II cells and Clara cells, which possess various pumps and channels that achieve clearance of edema fluid.
Sodium is transported through channels on the apical membrane and extruded from the cell by the Na+/K+-ATPase located on the basolateral membrane. This transport generates a sodium gradient that drives the transport of water, which is accomplished in part through water channels. AQP, aquaporin; CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator; CNG, cyclic nucleotide-gated; ENaC, epithelial Na+channel. From Matthay and coworkers [3], with permission from the American Physiological Society.
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Clara cell. They are also known by their descriptive name of "bronchiolar exocrine cells".[2] Name[edit] Club cells were previously called Clara cells as they were originally described by their namesake, Max Clara in 1937.
Clara was born in South Tyrol in 1899 and died in 1966. He was a Nazi doctor who used tissue from executed victims of the Third Reich for his research at Leipzig, including the work that led to his discovery of Clara cells.[3] It was for this reason that in May 2012, the Respiratory Journal Editors (comprising the editors of most of the major respiratory journals, including the journals of the American Thoracic Society, the European Respiratory Society and the American College of Chest Physicians) agreed to adopt a name change policy starting on January 1, 2013.[4] It had previously been agreed that the term "Clara" be used parenthetically for a 2-year period before the final adoption of club cell.
One of the main functions of club cells is to protect the bronchiolar epithelium. Img_17901351973103144.png (638×516) Emphysema. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), also known as chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD), and chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD), among others, is a type of obstructive lung disease characterized by chronically poor airflow.
It typically worsens over time. The main symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, and sputum production.[1] Most people with chronic bronchitis have COPD.[2] Tobacco smoking is the most common cause of COPD, with a number of other factors such as air pollution and genetics playing a smaller role.[3] In the developing world, one of the common sources of air pollution is from poorly vented cooking and heating fires. COPD can be prevented by reducing exposure to the known causes. This includes efforts to decrease rates of smoking and to improve indoor and outdoor air quality. Worldwide, COPD affects 329 million people or nearly 5% of the population.
Signs and symptoms[edit] Cough[edit] Www.atsjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1165/rcmb.2003-0290OC. Www.atsjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1165/rcmb.F296. Www.atsjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1513/pats.200904-017RM. Img_17901351973103144.png (638×516) Quantitative assessment of markers for cell sen... [Exp Gerontol. 2010. Can ends justify the means?: Telomeres and the mechanisms of replicative senescence and immortalization in mammalian cells.
John M.
Sedivy Author Affiliations Contributed by George Klein Abstract Finite replicative lifespan, or senescence, of mammalian cells in culture is a phenomenon that has generated much curiosity since its description.