Mass surveillance. Mass surveillance is the intricate surveillance of an entire or a substantial fraction of a population.[1] The surveillance is often carried out by governments or governmental organisations, but may also be carried out by corporations, either on behalf of governments or at their own initiative. Depending on each nation's laws and judicial systems, the legality of and the permission required to engage in mass surveillance varies. Mass surveillance has often been cited as necessary to fight terrorism, to prevent social unrest, to protect national security, to fight child pornography and protect children.
Conversely, mass surveillance has equally as often been criticized for violating privacy rights, limiting civil and political rights and freedoms, and being illegal under some legal or constitutional systems. There is a fear that increasing mass surveillance will ultimately lead to a totalitarian state where political dissent is undermined by COINTELPRO-like programs. By country[edit] Category:Mass surveillance. Category:COVID-19 contact tracing apps. Category:Global surveillance. Category:Intelligence agency programmes revealed by Edward Snowden. Category:Mass intelligence-gathering systems. Category:Mass surveillance in fiction. Category:Mass surveillance industry. Category:Mass surveillance litigation. Category:National identification numbers. Category:Protests against mass surveillance. Category:Reconnaissance satellites.
Category:Television episodes about mass surveillance. International Principles on the Application of Human Rights to Communications Surveillance. The International Principles on the Application of Human Rights to Communications Surveillance (also called the "Necessary and Proportionate Principles" or just "the Principles") is a document which attempts to "clarify how international human rights law applies in the current digital environment".[1] Communications surveillance (that is to say, mass surveillance of communications) conflicts with a number of international human rights, mainly that of privacy.
As a result, communications surveillance may only occur when prescribed by law necessary to achieve legitimate aim, and proportionate to the aim used.[2][3][4] The document consists of 13 principles developed to provide society groups, industry, governments, and others with a framework to assess whether current and proposed surveillance laws or statutes conflict with International Human Rights law.[5] History[edit] In September 2013 at the 24th session of the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva, they were launched officially. show. Internet Ungovernance Forum. Internet Ungovernance Forum The Internet Ungovernance Forum (IUF) is an open forum for dialogue on issues of Internet censorship, freedom of speech, surveillance, privacy and community-centric governance approaches conceived by the Alternative Informatics Association.[1] The first Forum was held in Turkey in September, 2014 and served as model for the organization of the Brazilian and Italian Forums of 2015.
History and development of the IUF[edit] IUF Turkey 2014[edit] The first Internet Ungovernance Forum was held in September 2014 in Turkey to demand that fundamental freedoms, openness, unity and net neutrality remain as the building blocks of the Internet. It was held in parallel to the Internet Governance Forum (IGF), which was already taking place in Istanbul between 2–5 September 2014.[2] Earlier that year, access to YouTube[3] and Twitter had been blocked in Turkey.[4] Participants of the two-day conference included Julian Assange, Jacob Appelbaum and Amelia Andersdotter. IT-backed authoritarianism. Form of an authoritarian regime that uses mass surveillance to influence the behavior of citizens, companies and other institutions IT-backed authoritarianism, also known as digital authoritarianism or digital dictatorship,[1][2][3] refers to the state use of information technology in order to control or manipulate both foreign and domestic populations.[4] Tactics of digital authoritarianism may include mass surveillance including through biometrics such as facial recognition, internet firewalls and censorship, internet blackouts, disinformation campaigns, and digital social credit systems.[5][6] Although some institutions assert that this term should only be used to refer to authoritarian governments,[7] others argue that the tools of digital authoritarianism are being adopted and implemented by governments with "authoritarian tendencies", including democracies.[8] Definition[edit] Examples[edit] China[edit] Russia[edit] References[edit]
Karma Police (surveillance programme) Kazakhstan man-in-the-middle attack. State-actor security exploit by the government of Kazakhstan In 2015, the government of Kazakhstan created a root certificate which could have enabled a man-in-the-middle attack on HTTPS traffic from Internet users in Kazakhstan. The government described it as a "national security certificate". If installed on users' devices, the certificate would have allowed the Kazakh government to intercept, decrypt, and re-encrypt any traffic passing through systems it controlled.[1][2] In July 2019, Kazakh ISPs started messaging their users that the certificate, now called the Qaznet Trust Certificate,[3] issued by the state certificate authority the Qaznet Trust Network, would now have to be installed by all users.[4][5][6]
KH-11 KENNEN. Type of American spy satellite A conceptual drawing based upon Hubble Space Telescope (HST) layout. A conceptual drawing based upon Hubble Space Telescope (HST) layout with internal views. The KH-11 KENNEN[1][2][3][4] (later renamed CRYSTAL,[5] then Evolved Enhanced CRYSTAL System, and codenamed 1010[6]: 82 and Key Hole[6]: 82 ) is a type of reconnaissance satellite first launched by the American National Reconnaissance Office in December 1976. Manufactured by Lockheed in Sunnyvale, California, the KH-11 was the first American spy satellite to use electro-optical digital imaging, and so offer real-time optical observations.[7] Later KH-11 satellites have been referred to by outside observers as KH-11B or KH-12, and by the names "Advanced KENNEN", "Improved Crystal" and "Ikon".
The capabilities of the KH-11 are highly classified, as are images they produce. Program history and logistics[edit] Design[edit] The Hubble Space Telescope integration at Lockheed. Initial design specifications[edit] Kwangmyong (network) North Korean "walled garden" national intranet Sites in the network are commonly accessed using 24-bit block private IPv4 addresses. This is a list of sites that are not directly listed on www.sciteco.aca.kp (Kwangmyong website portal) in 2016 and sites that have been confirmed to be created on Kwangmyong past 2016. Law Enforcement Information Exchange. National Security Agency The Law Enforcement Information Exchange is a database which is maintained by the Naval Criminal Investigative Service.[1] Eugene R. Fidell described the database as constituting domestic spying.[1] According to the NCIS website, The Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS) launched the Law Enforcement Information Exchange (LInX) initiative in 2003.
LInX is designed to enhance information sharing between local, state, and federal law enforcement in areas of strategic importance to the Department of the Navy. LInX provides participating law enforcement partner agencies with secure access to regional crime and incident data and the tools needed to process it, enabling investigators to search across jurisdictional boundaries to help solve crimes and resolve suspicious events. See also[edit] Notes[edit] External links[edit] Richard Ledgett. Richard H. Ledgett Jr. is a former Deputy Director of the National Security Agency.[1] Education[edit] Ledgett has an undergraduate degree in psychology and a graduate degree in strategic intelligence. Career[edit] In 1988, he began working for the National Security Agency, where he served in a variety of positions in the cybersecurity division. Previous positions at NSA included Deputy Director for Analysis and Production (2009–2010), Deputy Director for Data Acquisition (2006–2009), Assistant Deputy Director for Data Acquisition (2005–2006), and Chief, NSA/CSS Pacific (2002–2005).
From 2012 to 2013 he was the Director of the NSA/CSS Threat Operations Center, responsible for round-the-clock cryptologic activities to discover and counter adversary cyber efforts. On February 3, 2017, Ledgett announced that he would be retiring in the spring.[3] His successor was George C. On August 15, 2017, Ledgett was elected to M&T Bank Corporation's Board of Directors.[6] Awards and decorations[edit] Mail cover. Request for mail cover form Mail cover is a law enforcement investigative technique in which the United States Postal Service, acting at the request of a law enforcement agency, records information from the outside of letters and parcels before they are delivered and then sends the information to the agency that requested it.[1] The Postal Service grants mail cover surveillance requests for about 30 days and may extend them for up to 120 days. Mail covers can be requested to investigate criminal activity or to protect national security.
On average the Postal Service grants 15,000 to 20,000 criminal activity requests each year.[1] It rarely denies a request. [citation needed][2][3] Mail cover is defined by the U.S. As mail cover does not involve the reading of the mail but only information on the outside of the envelope or package that could be read by anyone seeing the item anyway, it is not considered by court precedent a violation of the Fourth Amendment. See also[edit] References[edit] Mail Isolation Control and Tracking. Mail Isolation Control and Tracking (MICT) is an imaging system employed by the United States Postal Service (USPS) that takes photographs of the exterior of every piece of mail that is processed in the United States.[1] The Postmaster General has stated that the system is primarily used for mail sorting,[2] though it also enables the USPS to retroactively track mail correspondence at the request of law enforcement.[2] It was created in the aftermath of the 2001 anthrax attacks that killed five people, including two postal workers.[2][3] The automated mail tracking program was created so that the Postal Service could more easily track hazardous substances and keep people safe, according to U.S.
Postmaster General Patrick R. Donahoe.[2] The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) revealed MICT on June 7, 2013, when discussing the Bureau's investigation of ricin-laced letters sent to U.S. James J. The U.S. See also[edit] References[edit] MAINWAY. The NSA's database of telephone calls MAINWAY is a database maintained by the United States' National Security Agency (NSA) containing metadata for hundreds of billions of telephone calls made through the four largest telephone carriers in the United States: AT&T, SBC, BellSouth (all three now called AT&T) and Verizon.[1] The existence of this database and the NSA program that compiled it was unknown to the general public until USA Today broke the story on May 10, 2006.[1] The database's existence has prompted fierce objections. It is often viewed as an illegal warrantless search and violation of the pen register provisions of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act and (in some cases) the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution.
Similar programs exist or are planned in other countries, including Sweden (Titan traffic database)[9] and Great Britain (Interception Modernisation Programme). The MAINWAY equivalent for Internet traffic is MARINA.[10] Content[edit] Usage[edit] Oregon. MARINA. Surveillance software MARINA is an NSA database and analysis toolset for intercepted Internet metadata (DNI in NSA terminology). The database stores metadata up to a year. According to documents leaked by Edward Snowden: "The Marina metadata application tracks a user's browser experience, gathers contact information/content and develops summaries of target" and "[o]f the more distinguishing features, Marina has the ability to look back on the last 365 days' worth of DNI metadata seen by the SIGINT collection system, regardless whether or not it was tasked for collection.
" [Emphasis in original NSA document.] The stored metadata is mainly used for pattern-of-life analysis. US persons are not exempt because metadata is not considered data by US law (section 702 of the FISA Amendments Act).[1] MARINA's phone counterpart is MAINWAY.[2] Market for zero-day exploits. Introduction[edit] Much has been said in academia and regular media about the regulation of zero-day exploits in the market. However, it is very difficult to reach a consensus because most definitions for zero-day exploits are rather vague or not applicable, as one can only define the use of certain software as malware after it has been used.[2] In addition, there is a conflict of interest within the operations of the state that could prevent a regulation that can make mandatory the disclosure of zero-days. Description[edit] Ablon, Libicki and Golay[6] have explained to a great extent the inner workings of the zero-day market. The main findings can be separated into five components: Commodity, Currency, Marketplace, Supply and Demand.
These components and their relationship with pricing will be described. Commodity[edit] Exploits are digital products, which means that they are information goods with near-zero marginal production costs.[7] However, they are atypical information goods. Mass surveillance in popular culture. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Critical of mass surveillance[edit] British first edition cover Optimistic about mass surveillance[edit] The Light of Other Days is a science-fiction book that praises mass surveillance, under the condition that it is available to everyone. References[edit] Mass surveillance industry. MYSTIC. NATGRID. National databases of United States persons.
National Defence Radio Establishment. National intranet. National Reconnaissance Office. National Reconnaissance Operations Center. National Security Agency. National Security Operations Center. Netzpolitik.org. Nineteen Eighty-Four. No Place to Hide (Greenwald book) NZ COVID Tracer. OAKSTAR. Oasis (software) Operation Spider (Iran) Operation Virtual Shield. Optic Nerve (GCHQ) Permanent Record (autobiography) Phone log. Phone surveillance. Police surveillance in New York City. PRISM (surveillance program) Project Genoa. Project Genoa II. Proposed reforms of mass surveillance by the United States. Public hypersphere. Ragtime (code name) RAMPART-A. Real Time Regional Gateway. Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000. Sentry Eagle. SEXINT. Shoreditch TV. Social Credit System. SORM. Special Communications Service of Russia.
Squeaky Dolphin. Stop Watching Us. Surveillance capitalism. Surveillance tools. Telecommunications Intercept and Collection Technology Unit. Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc. Tempora. Teufelsberg. Texas Cryptologic Center. Titan traffic database. Total Information Awareness. Transit authority (surveillance term) TURBINE (US government project) Unified Targeting Tool. History of mass surveillance in the United Kingdom. Upstream collection.
Utah Data Center. Vehicle location data. Verint Systems. Gabriel Villa. Web tracking. XKeyscore. Youth control complex.
Mass surveillance. Clandestine. Violations of the Reasonable Expectation of Privacy.