The Book of Enoch: Introduction. The Book of Enoch, by R.H. Charles, [1917], at sacred-texts.com p. vii As the Book of Enoch is, in some respects, the most notable extant apocalyptic work outside the canonical Scriptures, it will not be inappropriate to offer a few remarks here on the Apocalyptic Literature generally. In writing about the books which belong to this literature, Prof. Burkitt says very pointedly that "they are the most characteristic survival of what I will venture to call, with all its narrowness and its incoherence, the heroic age of Jewish history, the age when the nation attempted to realize in action the part of the peculiar people of God. P. viii that their hope was not wholly unfounded.
" 1 Hope is, indeed, the main underlying motive-power which prompted the writers of the Apocalypses. In all the books belonging to this literature which have come down to us this hope is expressed more or p. ix less vividly; nor is the dark background wanting. with prophecies of coming wrath. P. x of the Oriental. P. xi. The swastika, the earliest known symbol, and it... Timeline: 4.3 million Years Ago to 4500 BCETimeline. 4.3 million YA (Years Ago) In what today is Ethiopia, creatures labeled Ardipithecus ramidus lived, represented today by the nickname created by scientists: "Ardi". Her species was either directly ancestral to humans or closely related to a species ancestral to humans. She was 1.2 meters (4 feet) tall. She walked on two feet – not knuckle-walking as gorillas and chimps do, but did not have arched feet like us, indicating that she could not walk or run for long distances.
She had opposable great toes and she had a pelvis that allowed her to negotiate tree branches well. 3.2 million YA In what today is Ethiopia, members of the biological family Hominidae lived, represented today by the nickname "Lucy. " 2.5 million YA Rocks are split into flakes and used as tools. 2.5 to 1.6 million YA A species called Homo habilis lives in what today is Tanzania. 1.8 to 1.3 million YA A species called Homo erectus has come into being and spreads as far as India, China and Java.
Apocryphal | Define Apocryphal at Dictionary. Epistemology. Branch of philosophy concerning knowledge In these debates and others, epistemology aims to answer questions such as "What do people know? ", "What does it mean to say that people know something? ", "What makes justified beliefs justified? ", and "How do people know that they know? " Etymology[edit] The etymology of the word epistemology is derived from the ancient Greek epistēmē, meaning "knowledge, understanding, skill, scientific knowledge",[7][note 1] and the English suffix -ology, meaning "the science or discipline of (what is indicated by the first element)".[9] The word "epistemology" first appeared in 1847, in a review in New York's Eclectic Magazine : The title of one of the principal works of Fichte is 'Wissenschaftslehre,' which, after the analogy of technology ... we render epistemology.[10] The word was first used to present a philosophy in English by Scottish philosopher James Frederick Ferrier in 1854.
Historical and philosophical context[edit] Contemporary historiography[edit] Algebraic. Descartes' Epistemology. 1. Conception of Knowledge 1.1 Analysis of Knowledge Famously, Descartes defines knowledge in terms of doubt. While distinguishing rigorous knowledge (scientia) and lesser grades of conviction (persuasio), Descartes writes: I distinguish the two as follows: there is conviction when there remains some reason which might lead us to doubt, but knowledge is conviction based on a reason so strong that it can never be shaken by any stronger reason. (1640 letter to Regius, AT 3:65) Elsewhere, while answering a challenge as to whether he succeeds in founding such knowledge, Descartes writes: But since I see that you are still stuck fast in the doubts which I put forward in the First Meditation, and which I thought I had very carefully removed in the succeeding Meditations, I shall now expound for a second time the basis on which it seems to me that all human certainty can be founded.
These passages (and others) clarify that Descartes understands doubt as the contrast of certainty. 1.5 Innate Ideas. Holy rent and sunder. The Book Of Enoch. Tom Lewis's Home Page.