Shramana. Sramana (Sanskrit: श्रमण Śramaṇa; Pali: समण samaṇa) was a non-Vedic Indian religious movement parallel to but separate from the historical Vedic religion.
The Śramaṇa tradition gave rise to Yoga, Jainism, Buddhism,[2] and some nāstika schools of Hinduism such as Cārvāka and Ājīvika, and also popular concepts in all major Indian religions such as saṃsāra (the cycle of birth and death) and moksha (liberation from that cycle).[3][note 1] Etymology and origin[edit] The Pāli samaṇa and the Sanskrit Śramaṇa refer to renunciate ascetic traditions from the middle of the 1st millennium BCE.[4] They were individual, experiential and free-form traditions, independent of society; and in religious competition with Brahmin priests, who as opposed to Śramaṇas, stressed mastery of texts and performing rituals.[4] The Pāli samaṇa and the Sanskrit Śramaṇa are postulated to be derived from the verbal root śram, meaning "to exert effort, labor or to perform austerity".
Jainism. Lokayata. Buddhism.