Non-Gunpowder Artillery. Horses in warfare. The first use of horses in warfare occurred over 5,000 years ago.
The earliest evidence of horses ridden in warfare dates from Eurasia between 4000 and 3000 BC. A Sumerian illustration of warfare from 2500 BC depicts some type of equine pulling wagons. By 1600 BC, improved harness and chariot designs made chariot warfare common throughout the Ancient Near East, and the earliest written training manual for war horses was a guide for training chariot horses written about 1350 BC. As formal cavalry tactics replaced the chariot, so did new training methods, and by 360 BC, the Greek cavalry officer Xenophon had written an extensive treatise on horsemanship. Stirrup. A stirrup is a light frame or ring that holds the foot of a rider, attached to the saddle by a strap, often called a stirrup leather.
Stirrups are usually paired and are used to aid in mounting and as a support while using a riding animal (usually a horse or other equine, such as a mule).[1] They greatly increase the rider's ability to stay in the saddle and control the mount, increasing the animal's usefulness to humans in areas such as communication, transportation and warfare. Etymology[edit] The English word "stirrup" stems from Old English stirap, stigrap, Middle English stirop, styrope,[3] i.e. a mounting or climbing-rope. From Old English stīgan "to ascend". History[edit] The stirrup, which gives greater stability to a rider, has been described as one of the most significant inventions in the history of warfare, prior to gunpowder. Early development[edit] Indus Valley seals showing an unidentified animal with some form of foot support, British Museum. Variant: Pre-Gunpowder Maharaja. [Spotlight on Games] As has been noted by many, on rec.games.board, the Game Cabinet and elsewhere, Maharaja does not make for an ideal 4-player game in the way that Avalon Hill's previous similar effort, Britannia did.
There are historical problems which I will mention in a minute, but even from a pure play of the game standpoint there are very obvious objections to make. Most commonly cited is the unfortunate situation of the yellow who must remove 8 pieces on turn 8, a further 8 pieces on turn 9 and then do not get another side until the measly Dutch come along in turn 12, i.e. well into the player's nap. This can be solved simply by only playing the game when you are three or by application of the "Kisner Rule" found in The General, (Vol. 30, No. 2 1995), but alas this was not the only problem. There were also the problems with the last few turns of the game where factories are being built, weapons are being sold and the British are subjecting everybody.
Rick HeliAugust 7, 1998. A Glossary of Castle Terminology. ARMÉDIÉVAL. 1998 TREBUCHET PROJECT in SCOTLAND M.
Beffeyte provided ARMÉDIÉVAL's expertise in the construction of a replica of Edward I's WAR-WOLF trebuchet. The project was sponsored by WGBH-Boston and organized by the Timber Framers Guild of America. Construction of two siege machines and test firings took place in front of Urguhart Castle, Loch Ness. Visit page summary. FIRING DEMONSTRATIONS and CHÂTEAUX VISITS: The operating hours for visiting specific châteaux vary. Though some demonstrations take place throughout the year, at specified days and times, most are conducted between late May through September.
Since these sites are not usually found on road maps, the following information attempts to reference their locations from more commonly designated towns. Le Château de Saint-Brisson, LOIRET. The château belonged to several distinguished families. Le Château de Saint-Brisson 45500 Saint-Brisson-sur-Loire LOIRET - 45 FRANCE Tel: 38. 36. 71. 29; Fax: 38. 36. 77. 29. Trebuchet. Counterweight trebuchet constructed on the design of the "Warwolf" Medieval traction trebuchet (also called a perrier) next to a staff slinger A trebuchet[nb 1] (French trébuchet) is a type of catapult that was used as a siege engine in the Middle Ages.
It is sometimes called a counterweight trebuchet or counterpoise trebuchet, to distinguish it from an earlier weapon called the traction trebuchet, which employed pulling men working the mechanism. The counterweight trebuchet appeared in both Christian and Muslim lands around the Mediterranean in the 12th century. It could fling projectiles weighing up to 350 pounds (160 kg) at or into enemy fortifications. Fortresses on google earth - History Forum ~ All Empires - Page 1. I did some theme-based research, first about castles by the venetian empire as well as Muscovy, turnout was not very good for both unfortunately because of many undetailed areas: Kotor (Montenegro) Kopor'e ( 59°42'33.35"N 29° 1'54.75"E ) between St.
Petersburg and Narva Pskov (has already been discussed), Russia Smolensk, Russia Nizhniy Novgorod Kremlin, Russia unfortunately most fortresses/cremlins in Russia are not in a detailed area. i haven't looked at Kazan and Astrakhan etc yet. In Kerala, India i added two more: Bekal, nice coastal fortress, 12°23'32.29"N 75° 1'58.89"E Palghat citadel (aka Tipus fort), 10°45'49.40"N 76°39'25.10"E i didn't added Srirangapatna, karnataka despite its historical significance, most of the city walls can be seen but overall maybe not so spectacular.