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Abstract The origin and evolution of the 19th-century Zulu Kingdom are used to examine two competing state formation theories: Robert Carneiro’s circumscription theory and Elman Service’s theory of institutionalized leadership. Both theories partly clarify Zulu political developments: Carneiro’s explains the origin and territorial expansion of the Zulu empire, while Service’s can account for the beginning differentiation of political roles in the Zulu state.
Warfare, Political Leadership, and State Formation: The Case of the Zulu Kingdom, 1808-1879 (by Mathieu Deflem)
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American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 101, No. 4 (Dec., 1999), pp. 794-805
Evolution of Warfare
The birth of war: an archaeological survey concludes that warfare, despite its malignant hold on modern life, has not always been part of the human condition | Natural History | Find Articles at BNET
The main theories of the origin of warfare - from evolutionary psychology, materialism, and historical contingency - are examined.

