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Archeologists in the year 3706 uncovering the buried ruins of any major city in the world will no doubt find text on billboards, storefronts, traffic signs, and so on in the languages we know and use today. These words however will probably not be understood by 38th Century scientists because languages of today will eventually become obsolete and forgotten. Luckily, there will be an energetic and tenacious researcher with a well-used digging tool who will find along the viaducts and abandoned highways in the old cities evidence of writing that will be instantly recognized and easily read. For amid the buried rubble of civilizations long past will be elaborated and brightly colored signs and symbols created by graffiti artists that will last through the millennia.
Syntactic Theory of Visual Communication
Perception management
Perception management is a term originated by the US military . The US Department of Defense (DOD) gives this definition: Actions to convey and/or deny selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives, and objective reasoning as well as to intelligence systems and leaders at all to influence official estimates, ultimately resulting in foreign behaviors and official actions favorable to the originator's objectives. In various ways, perception management combines truth projection, operations security , cover and deception, and psychological operations. [ 1 ] " Perception " is defined as the “process by which individuals select, organize, and interpret the input from their senses to give meaning and order to the world around them” [ 2 ] Components of perception include the perceiver, target of perception, and the situation.
Perception
Perception (from the Latin perceptio, percipio ) is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to fabricate a mental representation through the process of transduction, which sensors in the body transform signals from the environment into encoded neural signals. [ 1 ] All perception involves signals in the nervous system , which in turn result from physical stimulation of the sense organs. [ 2 ] For example, vision involves light striking the retinas of the eyes, smell is mediated by odor molecules and hearing involves pressure waves . Perception is not the passive receipt of these signals, but can be shaped by learning , memory and expectation . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Perception involves these "top-down" effects as well as the "bottom-up" process of processing sensory input. [ 4 ] The "bottom-up" processing is basically low-level information that's used to build up higher-level information (i.e. - shapes for object recognition).
Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system . [ 1 ] Traditionally, neuroscience has been seen as a branch of biology . However, it is currently an interdisciplinary science that collaborates with other fields such as psychology , chemistry , computer science , engineering , linguistics , mathematics , medicine and allied disciplines , philosophy , and physics . The term neurobiology is usually used interchangeably with the term neuroscience, although the former refers specifically to the biology of the nervous system , whereas the latter refers to the entire science of the nervous system. The scope of neuroscience has broadened to include different approaches used to study the molecular , cellular , developmental , structural , functional , evolutionary , computational , and medical aspects of the nervous system.
Neuroscience
Sensory neuroscience is a subfield of neuroscience which explores the anatomy and physiology of neurons that are part of sensory systems such as vision, hearing, and olfaction. Neurons in sensory regions of the brain respond to stimuli by firing one or more nerve impulses ( action potentials ) following stimulus presentation. How is information about the outside world encoded by the rate, timing, and pattern of action potentials? This so-called neural code is currently poorly understood and sensory neuroscience plays an important role in the attempt to decipher it.
Sensory neuroscience
Psychophysics quantitatively investigates the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they affect. Psychophysics has been described as "the scientific study of the relation between stimulus and sensation" [ 1 ] or, more completely, as "the analysis of perceptual processes by studying the effect on a subject's experience or behaviour of systematically varying the properties of a stimulus along one or more physical dimensions" . [ 2 ] Psychophysics also refers to a general class of methods that can be applied to study a perceptual system.
Psychophysics
Direct and indirect realism
Direct realism argues we perceive the world directly The question of direct or "naïve" realism, as opposed to indirect or "representational" realism, arises in the philosophy of perception and of mind out of the debate over the nature of conscious experience ; [ 1 ] [ 2 ] the epistemological question of whether the world we see around us is the real world itself or merely an internal perceptual copy of that world generated by neural processes in our brain . Naïve realism is known as direct realism when developed to counter indirect or representative realism, also known as epistemological dualism , [ 3 ] the philosophical position that our conscious experience is not of the real world itself but of an internal representation, a miniature virtual-reality replica of the world.