Gardens, Ancient, Medieval, Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Assyria, Asia Minor, Persia, Iran, Israel, Greece, Egypt, Rome, Byzantine Empire, Byzantium, Vatican, Mughal, India, Indian, Asia, Europe, Roman, Greek, Chinese, Geoponica, Geoponika, Aegean, Herod, Hadr. Last updated March 18, 2014 Site Index This material is presented solely for non-commercial educational/research purposes. Wikipedia articles: History of GardeningGardens of Ancient EgyptHanging Gardens of Babylon Greek Gardens Roman Gardens Gardens of SallustGardens of Lucullus Vatican GardensPersian GardensMughal GardensChinese Garden Classical Gardens of Suzhou Encyclopaedia Iranica articles: Achaemenid Gardens, by Mehrdad Fakour. Sites and Studies: Persian Gardens, Chahar Bagh, Pairidaeza, Baghs, by K.
Geoponica. Download Geoponika: Agricultural Pursuits, translated from Greek by Thomas Owen in two volumes: volume 1 (London, 1805), in 347 searchable pdf pages. Downloads Clicking the links below will download the material in pdf format from our website. Gardens Ancient and Modern (London, 1899), by Albert Forbes Sieveking, in 464 pdf pages. An Encyclopaedia of Gardening (London, 1871), by J. The Famous Parks and Gardens of the World (London, 1880), described and illustrated, no author, T. Roman gardens. Roman gardens (Latin: horti) and ornamental horticulture became highly developed during the history of Roman civilization.
The Gardens of Lucullus (Horti Lucullani) on the Pincian Hill at the edge of Rome introduced the Persian garden to Europe, around 60 BC. The garden was a place of peace and tranquillity – a refuge from urban life – and a place filled with religious and symbolic meanings. As Roman culture developed and became increasingly influenced by foreign civilizations through trade, the use of gardens expanded and gardens ultimately thrived in Ancient Rome. Influences[edit] Roman gardens were influenced by Egyptian, Persian, and Greek gardening techniques. Purpose[edit] In Greek civilization, gardens were used to beautify temple groves as well as to create recreational spaces. Parts of a Roman Garden[edit] Uses[edit] Roman garden designs were later adopted by Renaissance, Baroque, Neoclassical, and even 20th century landscape architects. See also[edit] Notes[edit] Bibliography[edit] Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one whose location has not been definitely established. Traditionally they were said to have been built in the ancient city of Babylon, near present-day Hillah, Babil province, in Iraq. The Babylonian priest Berossus, writing in about 290 BC and quoted later by Josephus, attributed the gardens to the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II, who ruled between 605 and 562 BC.
There are no extant Babylonian texts which mention the gardens, and no definitive archaeological evidence has been found in Babylon.[1][2] According to one legend, Nebuchadnezzar II built the Hanging Gardens for his Persian wife, Queen Amytis, because she missed the green hills and valleys of her homeland. He also built a grand palace that came to be known as 'The Marvel of the Mankind'. Ancient texts[edit] Hanging Gardens of Babylon, 20th-century interpretation Scholarship and controversy[edit] Ancient Greece | Landscape Design and Site Planning. History of gardening. The history of ornamental gardening may be considered as aesthetic expressions of beauty through art and nature, a display of taste or style in civilized life, an expression of an individual's or culture's philosophy, and sometimes as a display of private status or national pride—in private and public landscapes. Introduction[edit] Forest gardening, a plant-based food production system, is the world's oldest form of gardening.[1] Forest gardens originated in prehistoric times along jungle-clad river banks and in the wet foothills of monsoon regions.
In the gradual process of families improving their immediate environment, useful tree and vine species were identified, protected and improved whilst undesirable species were eliminated. Eventually foreign species were also selected and incorporated into the gardens.[2] The enclosure of outdoor space began in 10,000 BC. Vitruvius, a Roman author and engineer, wrote the oldest surviving design manual in 27 BC. Mesopotamian Gardens[edit] Agricultural Deities - Horticulture and Soil Science Wiki. Over the course of human civilization many gods and goddesses have come into being. Among these dieties there are many who preside over agriculture, plants, and the earth.
Ancient Near East and Persia[edit] Ashnan[edit] Ashnan was the Mesopotamian goddess of grain. Dagon[edit] Dagon was originally an Assyro-Babylonian fertility god who was the god of grain and fishing. Nidaba[edit] Nidaba was the Sumerian goddess of writing, learning and the harvest. Nikkal[edit] Nikkal, whose name means "Great Lady" and "Fruitful" was the Phoenician goddess of orchards and fruit. Emesh[edit] Emesh was the Sumerian god of vegetation and the abundance of the earth.
Nisroch[edit] Nisroch was the Assyrian god of agriculture. Enbilulu[edit] Enbilulu was the Mesopotamian god of rivers, irrigation and farming. Enkimdu[edit] Enkimdu was the Sumerian god of canals, ditches and farming. Enten[edit] Enten was the Sumerian god of fertility and livestock. Egypt[edit] Osiris[edit] Heqet[edit] Heqet was the Egyptian goddess of fertility. Chelseaphysicgarden.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Brief-History-A4-portrait.pdf. Grants for Horticulturists - Diana Aitchison Fund. Www.edexcel.com/migrationdocuments/BTEC Specialist Qualifications/BA029597-BTEC-L2-Environmental-and-Land-based-Business-spec.pdf.
Economics for the Seventh Generation - Part I - RSF Social Finance. October 30, 2013 This essay was originally published in the Fall 2013 RSF Quarterly by Winona LaDuke “Seems like people don’t want to stick around another thousand years.” —Mike Wiggins, Tribal Chairman of the Bad River Band of Anishinaabe, on the proposed GTAC taconite mine, which will impact the watershed of the Bad River. Let’s say that is not true. Let’s say that we are people who want to live in a way that restores our relationship with Mother Earth. We want to live in small, medium, and large communities, with a low fossil fuel impact on the world. Ji misawaabandaaming, or how we envision our future, is a worldview of positive thinking. In our teachings we have some clear direction: our intention is Minobimaatisiiwin, a spiritual, mental, physical and emotional happiness—sort of an Anishinaabe version of Bhutan’s Gross National Happiness Index.
Our work at the White Earth Land Recovery Project and Native Harvest begins from a cultural premise. Food Sovereignty Click here for Part II. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: History and Heritage: Timeline: 1700 to 1772: Kew Gardens, Princess Augusta & William Chambers. A history of Kew Gardens. Gardenhistorygirl. Medieval gardens: Middle Ages to c1500. Monasteries and manor houses dictated the garden style of the medieval period. Monastic gardens provided medicine and food for the monks and for the local community.
Herbs were cultivated in the ‘physic garden’ composed of well-ordered rectangular beds, while orchards, fishponds and dovecotes ensured there would be food for all. The secluded garden, or ‘Hortus Conclusus’, was associated with the Virgin Mary in the monastery garden but in royal palaces and manor houses it represented a garden of earthly delights. Enclosed within wattle fences, raised beds were filled with scented flowers and herbs. Trellis arbours ensured privacy and provided shade while the sound of fountains and bird song filled the air. Rarely have entire gardens survived from this period but individual elements such as dovecotes and fishponds have withstood the test of time and can be found in several of our gardens: Alfriston Clergy House, East Sussex Visit Alriston Clergy House Avebury Manor, Wiltshire Cotehele, Cornwall.
The History of Botanic Gardens. Gardens and the cultivation of plants have been around for thousands of years with the first examples dating to around 3000 years ago in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. The Romans were also keen gardeners and they were also aware of the medicinal properties of plants. Following on from the Romans in identifying the medicinal properties of plants were the monks.
They also used the beauty of plants and flowers as a celebration of god. The first of these monastic gardens was created in the 8th century. These gardens were the pre-cursor to the physic gardens that appeared in the 16 century. None of the gardens mentioned so far can be regarded as “botanic gardens” though. A botanic garden is not an easy thing to classify (see the definition page for a detailed definition) though an underlying scientific basis is a necessity.
Botanic gardens then experienced a change in usage during the 16th and 17th century. Chelsea Physic Garden. Coordinates: The garden in summer 2006. The garden with the house visible in the background. The Chelsea Physic Garden was established as the Apothecaries’ Garden in London, England, in 1673. (The word "Physic" here refers to the science of healing.) This physic garden is the second oldest botanical garden in Britain, after the University of Oxford Botanic Garden, which was founded in 1621. Its rock garden is the oldest English garden devoted to alpine plants. History[edit] The Worshipful Society of Apothecaries initially established the garden on a leased site of Sir John Danvers’ well-established garden in Chelsea, London. In 1713, Dr Hans Sloane purchased from Charles Cheyne the adjacent Manor of Chelsea, about 4 acres (1.6 ha), which he leased in 1722 to the Society of Apothecaries for £5 a year in perpetuity, requiring only that the Garden supply the Royal Society, of which he was a principal, with 50 good herbarium samples per year, up to a total of 2,000 plants.
References[edit] Chelsea Physic Garden. Gardens by the Bay. GARDENS OF THE FUTURE | URBAN ARCHITECTURE NOW. Future Singapore gardens | Home Design. January 2nd, 2010 Cristian This wild and fantastic design came up by the studios Grant Associates and Gustafson Porter which designed it for an international competition for the Singapore government. It coveres 101 hectares of land and encompassing a park, the waterscape and a marina. Officially is going to be opened in 2011. I am sure that will be one of the biggest attractions of the year. [ via ] Share if you loved this article You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site. Www.edexcel.com/migrationdocuments/BTEC Nationals from 2010/BN029546-BTEC-Nationals-Horticulture-Issue2.pdf. Www.edexcel.com/migrationdocuments/BTEC Nationals from 2010/Unit-14-Maintain-Turf-in-Parks-and-Gardens.pdf. Www.edexcel.com/migrationdocuments/BTEC Nationals from 2010/Unit-14-Maintain-Turf-in-Parks-and-Gardens.pdf.
DSU: BIO 101 - Plant Structure. BIO 101 Principles of Biology IIStructure of Flowering Plants • Dicots • Embryo in the seed has two cotyledons (seed leaves) • Stem vascular bundles arranged in single ring • Flower parts are in multiples of 4 or 5 (or many of each) • Leaves have net venation • Root system is usually a taproot • Monocots • Embryo in the seed has one cotyledon • Vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem • Flower parts are in multiples of 3 • Leaves have parallel venation • Usually have a fibrous root system • We start our discussion of plant structure by looking at the overall external form of a typical vascular plant. . • Plant organs • A vascular plant consists of collections of organs • An organ is a structure composed of several types of tissues • The tissues of an organ function together in a coordinated way • There are three types of vegetative organs - root, stem, and leaf • “Vegetative” means “non-reproductive.
. ” • A plant consists of a root system and shoot system • Root system • Anchors the plant in place. Botanicus.org - a freely accessible, Web-based encyclopedia of historic botanical literature. Www.sci.sdsu.edu/plants/plantsystematics/Identifying_50_major_plant_families.pdf. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: About Us: Employment Opportunities. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, offers ten one year paid sandwich course placements in the Jodrell Laboratory and Herbarium, from August 2014 until August 2015. This is your opportunity to participate in one of our exciting science projects.
We are looking for enthusiastic undergraduates, who are studying applied biology, plant science, or related subjects at university. These placements are only available as a sandwich before the final year of an undergraduate Bachelor degree. What placements do we offer? Project Titles: Herbarium: Madagascan Yams (248) Lichenicolous Fungi (250) Latin American Plants (252) Jodrell Laboratory: Evolution of plant form: flowers (282) Evolution of plant form: wood (283) Molecular evolution of flowering plants (289) Natural product discovery (290) Natural product discovery (294) Conservation Biotechnology (531) Conservation Genetics (1193) What is in it for you?
Interested? Download and read the relevant job description and person specification below. FAQs - Introductory Ethnobotany. Exam centre. Toé (Brugmansia) - Hallucinogenic Plants A Golden-Guide 149. Image Result. Image Result. Www.libr.port.ac.uk/libguides/LG190.pdf. Referencing@Portsmouth - Referencing@Portsmouth.
Free Bibliography Generator - MLA, APA, Chicago citation styles. Cite Sources — Plagiarism.org. This depends on what type of work you are writing, how you are using the borrowed material, and the expectations of your instructor. First, you have to think about how you want to identify your sources. If your sources are very important to your ideas, you should mention the author and work in a sentence that introduces your citation.
If, however, you are only citing the source to make a minor point, you may consider using parenthetical references, footnotes, or endnotes. There are also different forms of citation for different disciplines. Finally, you should always consult your instructor to determine the form of citation appropriate for your paper. In the following sections, we will take you step-by-step through some general guidelines for citing sources.
Identifying Sources in the Body of Your Paper The first time you cite a source, it is almost always a good idea to mention its author(s), title, and genre (book, article, or web page, etc.). Quoting Material What is quoting? To.