Britain must dig deeper to save its archaeology - News - Archaeology. Although the recession cut the number of working archaeologists by a third, the economy is recovering, and experts now fear that there will not be enough trained archaeologists to meet the demand of developers. As a result, they are warning that further archaeological riches may be lost to the nation for ever. "These are one-off opportunities and, once you have lost a site, you have lost it for ever – you never get that knowledge back," says Mike Heyworth, director of the Council for British Archaeology.
Poor job prospects and even poorer pay is exacerbating the problem. "Many archaeologists don't make enough to pay taxes," said Doug Rocks-Macqueen, a consultant for Landward Research Ltd. "The average archaeologist only lasts about five years [after training] before they get a permanent job – which is hard to do – or leave the profession. " As a result, some universities are experiencing fewer applicants, and less government support. Locating the Harbour: Myos Hormos/Quseir al‐Qadim: a Roman and Islamic Port on the Red Sea Coast of Egypt - Blue - 2007 - International Journal of Nautical Archaeology.
Abstract Recent maritime investigations at Quseir al-Qadim, on the Red Sea coast of Egypt, have revealed the importance of this port in both the Roman and later Islamic periods. This paper outlines the key evidence for the location of the harbours, from survey, sedimentological analysis and selective excavation. The Roman harbour, occupied between the 1st century BC and the 3rd century AD, was located in a now-silted lagoon. Over 100 sedimentological cores indicated its siltation process. By the time the site was reoccupied in the 12th century AD, the harbour was reduced to a small bay at the entrance to the former lagoon. © 2007 The Author Enhanced Article Feedback Close the feedbackYou are previewing our new enhanced HTML article. If you can't find a tool you're looking for, please click the link at the top of the page to go "Back to old version".
Select a PDF to begin download Download PDF2.1 MB The location of Berenike has long been established. Location and previous research. Indo-Roman_Trade_Map.pdf. Berenice Troglodytica. Berenice or Berenice Troglodytica (Greek: Βερενίκη), also known as Baranis and now known as Medinet-el Haras,[citation needed] is an ancient seaport of Egypt on the west coast of the Red Sea. It is situated about 825 km south of Suez and 260 km east of Aswan.[1] It was founded or certainly converted from a village into a city, by Ptolemy II (285 BC—246 BC), who named it after his mother, Berenice I of Egypt. Troglodytica refers to the aboriginal people of the region, the "Troglodytai" or "cave dwellers".
Although the name is attested by several ancient writers, the more ancient Ptolemaic inscriptions read Trogodytai (which G.W.B. Huntingford has speculated could be related to the same root as Tuareg). It is possible that later copyists confused this name with the more common term Troglodytai. Built at the head of a gulf, the Sinus Immundus, or Foul Bay, of Strabo, it was sheltered on the north by Ras Benas (Lepte Extrema). History[edit] Recent archaeological finds[edit] See also[edit] Myos Hormos. Myos Hormos was a Red Sea port constructed by the Ptolemies around the 3rd century BC. Following excavations carried out recently by David Peacock and Lucy Blue of the University of Southampton, it is thought to have been located on the present-day site of Quseir al-Quadim (old Quseir), eight kilometres north of the modern town of Al-Qusayr in Egypt.[1] History[edit] Myos Hormos, after the Ptolemies, was with Berenice one of the two main ports in Roman Egypt for trade with India, Africa and probably China.[2] Some of its main destinations were the Indus delta, Muziris and the Kathiawar peninsula in India.
According to Strabo (II.5.12), by the time of Augustus, up to 120 ships were setting sail every year from Myos Hormos to India: The port of Myos Hormos was connected to the Nile valley and Memphis by a Roman road, built in the 1st century. After the 4th century the port was abandoned, because of the Roman Empire crisis and the end of the trade between Rome and India.
References[edit] G.W.B. Dor - Late Bronze. Historical References In the thirteenth century B.C.E., Dor is apparently mentioned in an Egyptian text of the New Kingdom, as a locale on the coastal branch of the Via Maris. A letter found at the Late Bronze Age metropolis of Ugarit mentions certain people named Šikalayu, "who live on boats". It is possible that these are the same as the SKL, the inhabitants of Dor in the early Iron Age. The transition from the Bronze to the Iron Age in the thirteenth and twelfth centuries B.C.E, is heralded by a crisis of unprecedented magnitude, which hit the ancient civilizations around the Mediterranean, and within decades brought an end to a world order which existed for a millennium. After two centuries of turmoil (the so-called "Dark Ages") there appear three types of polities: territorial states such as Israel, Judah, Amon, Edom and Moab; the Philistine pentapolis; and the Phoenician cities.
Archaeological results Area G. Home - Amarna Project. Ugarit. Excavated ruins at Ras Shamra Ugarit (/ˌuːɡəˈriːt, ˌjuː-/; Ugaritic: 𐎜𐎂𐎗𐎚, ʼUgrt; Arabic: أوغاريت) was an ancient port city, the ruins of which are located at what is now called Ras Shamra (sometimes written "Ras Shamrah"; Arabic: رأس شمرة, literally "Cape Fennel"),[1] a headland in northern Syria. Ugarit had close connections to the Hittite Empire, sent tribute to Egypt at times, and maintained trade and diplomatic connections with Cyprus (then called Alashiya), documented in the archives recovered from the site and corroborated by Mycenaean and Cypriot pottery found there. The polity was at its height from ca. 1450 BC until 1200 BC.
History[edit] Ras Shamra lies on the Mediterranean coast, some 11 kilometres (7 mi) north of Latakia, near modern Burj al-Qasab. Though the site is thought to have been inhabited earlier, Neolithic Ugarit was already important enough to be fortified with a wall early on, perhaps by 6000 BC. Destruction[edit] Kings of Ugarit[edit] Alphabet[edit] Notes[edit] Mari, Syria. Mari (modern Tell Hariri, Syria) was an ancient Semitic city,[1] located 11 kilometers north-west of the modern town of Abu Kamal on the western bank of the Euphrates river, some 120 km southeast of Deir ez-Zor, Syria. It is thought to have been inhabited since the 5th millennium BC, although it flourished with a series of superimposed palaces that spanned a thousand years, from 2900 BC until 1759 BC, when it was sacked by Hammurabi.[2] Mari pre-Amorite periods were characterized by heavy Sumerian cultural influence although linguistically not a city of Sumerian immigrants but rather a Semitic speaking nation that had the same language of Ebla (the Eblaite language).[3] Discovery and excavation[edit] Mari was discovered in 1933, on the eastern flank of Syria, near the Iraqi border.
A Bedouin tribe was digging through a mound for a gravestone that would be used for a recently deceased tribesman, when they came across a headless statue. Mari Tablets[edit] History[edit] First Golden Age[edit] Akrotiri Frescoes (Article) -- Ancient History Encyclopedia. The Bronze Age frescoes from Akrotiri on the Aegean island of Thera (modern-day Santorini) provide some of the most famous images from the ancient Greek world. Sometime between 1650 and 1550 BCE Thera suffered a devastating earthquake which destroyed the town, and this catastrophe was soon followed by a volcanic eruption which covered the settlement of Akrotiri in metres-thick layers of pumice and volcanic ash. As a result, the vibrant frescoes which were on the walls of almost all buildings in the town have been remarkably well preserved.
When the first systematic excavations began in 1967 CE, the secrets and wonders of this lost ancient city were finally re-discovered and once again admired by the human eye. Method & Materials The vast majority of frescoes belonged to the second story of buildings, and their presence in buildings of all types suggests that frescoes were not restricted to a rich elite but were enjoyed by all classes of society. Subjects Dr. The Boxers Fresco. Hala Sultan Tekke. Hala Sultan Tekke or the Mosque of Umm Haram (Turkish: Hala Sultan Tekkesi) is a Muslim shrine on the west bank of Larnaca Salt Lake, near Larnaca, Cyprus. Umm Haram (Turkish: Hala Sultan) was the Islamic prophet Muhammad's wet nurse and the wife of Ubada bin al-Samit. [citation needed] Hala Sultan Tekke complex is composed of a mosque, mausoleum, minaret, cemetery, and living quarters for men and women. The term tekke (convent) applies to a building designed specifically for gatherings of a Sufi brotherhood, or tariqa, and may have referred to an earlier feature of the location.
The present-day complex, open to all and not belonging to a single religious movement, lies in a serene setting on the shores of the Larnaca Salt Lake, which appears to be an important site also in prehistory. Hala Sultan Tekke is a listed Ancient Monument. History[edit] The site in prehistory[edit] References Fischer, P.M. Hala Sultan Tekke[edit] Attacks[edit] Layout[edit] Significance[edit] Gallery[edit] The town of Enkomi. The first occupation at Enkomi in Late Cypriot I (around 1650 BC-1550 BC) seems to have consisted of isolated buildings, built with stone foundations and mud brick upper walls upon the bedrock, surrounded by open space into which chamber tombs were dug. Two buildings have been excavated and published, both by the Cypriot expedition (Dikaios 1969–71).
Area III fortified buildings in Late Cypriot I (shown in outline) under the later LCII structures (shown in black). The thicker wall at the top is the LCIIC-IIIA fortification of the town. The tombs surrounding the LCI building were contemporary with it, and went out of use around the same time (Copyright L. Crewe, after Dikaios 1969-1971). The Area I building was a domestic structure, comprising three wings around two open courtyards. By the end of Late Cypriot I, around 1450 BC, the domestic building had been abandoned and the fortified structure had been demilitarised, now probably serving a range of functions. Kition. Map showing the ten ancient city-kingdoms of Cyprus—and the areas that they exerted influence over Kition (Ancient Greek: Κίτιον, Phoenician: kty), also known by its Latin name Citium, was a city-kingdom on the southern coast of Cyprus (in present-day Larnaca).
It was established in the 13th century BC.[3] It had an acropolis.[4] The "mound gate" in the city wall, was located in the vicinity northwest of the Phaneromeni Tomb.[5] Name[edit] That the settlements name might once have been Khardihadast, was suggested by E. Gjerstad—and "not accepted by other scholars studying the Phoenician period, such as Masson, Sznycer and Hill".[6] History[edit] The city-kingdom was originally established in the 13th century BC.[7] "[I]t is early in the 12th century BC that the town was rebuilt on a larger scale, its mudbrick wall was replaced by a cyclopean wall".[9] Some Phoenician merchants who were believed to come from Tyre colonized the area and expanded the political influence of Kition.
See also[edit] Lake Titicaca. World | Africa | Slow death of Africa's Lake Chad. One of the world's great lakes is disappearing. Lake Chad - shared by Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon, and Niger - has receded to less than 20% of its former volume. Global warming is being blamed, as well as water extraction. The land is parched dry and dusty but the first hint that there is water comes with the growing numbers of Caltropis dotting the landscape. These strange, twisted plants have deep tap roots, and where they grow water is usually not far away.
But it did not seem very close as we left the scruffy town of Baga in a battered four-wheel drive jeep, lurching from rut to rut across what was once the lake bed itself. Just 30 years ago, water covered the whole area. View from space To gauge the true scale of the environmental disaster under way at Lake Chad you first have to look at it from space. From the unblinking eye of a satellite you can see the long decline. Now the latest satellite pictures put it at just over 500 square miles, and falling. Combined factors Ambitious project. River archaeology - a new field of research | Attila Tóth. River archaeology - a new field of research | Attila Tóth. Locating the Harbour: Myos Hormos/Quseir al‐Qadim: a Roman and Islamic Port on the Red Sea Coast of Egypt - Blue - 2007 - International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. Cape Gelidonya. History[edit] The eccentric photojournalist Peter Throckmorton, out of New York, arrived there in the mid-1950s after a controversial campaign where he was profiling the Algerian War from the point of view of the Algerian rebels fighting against French troops, which would later lead to an alleged altercation between himself and another team member, Claude Duthuit, who was fighting with the French.
Throckmorton arrived in the small city of Bodrum in the southwest of Turkey, built on the ancient city of Halicarnassus, where the remnants of one of the ancient wonders of the world, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, can still be seen today. He had received word that a bronze statue of the Greek goddess Demeter was pulled up by fishing nets and left on the beach, but by the time he had arrived the statue was taken and would eventually find a home in the Museum of Izmir, north of Bodrum. Throckmorton came to know Captain Kemal of the Mandlinci, a sponge fishing boat. See also[edit] Coordinates: History - Scottish Crannogs.
Tunesia, Mahdia. Date: May / Sept. 1993 Area: Mahdia Type: Survey and excavation Goal: Roman Age shipwreck Project leaders: Peter Winterstein, Ulrich Müller Project partner: Tunisian Institute for Cultural Heritage (INP), Rhenish State Museum Bonn, MARE Oxford et al. Publications: Hellenkemper Salies, G.; Prittzwitz und Gaffron, H. Author: Peter Winterstein M.A. The wreck of a Roman freighter laden with Greek art treasures. Underwater archaeology sets off with a chance find. Few years later, in 1907, Greek fishermen, on their search for the much sought-after sponges, discovered 5 km off the Tunisian coast near Cape Africa at Mahdia in a depth of 40 metres a sunken, precious, ancient cargo, which valuable works of bronze promised a much higher sales value than laboriously collected sponges. The material loss incurred by the sinking of the ship and its cargo must have been ruinous for its owners.
(Illustrations: Rhenish State Museum Bonn and DEGUWA) Cape Gelidonya and Uluburun. History - Vere Gordon Childe.