UPSCALE Home Page. Matrix mechanics. Matrix mechanics is a formulation of quantum mechanics created by Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and Pascual Jordan in 1925. Matrix mechanics was the first conceptually autonomous and logically consistent formulation of quantum mechanics. It extended the Bohr Model by describing how the quantum jumps occur. It did so by interpreting the physical properties of particles as matrices that evolve in time. It is equivalent to the Schrödinger wave formulation of quantum mechanics, and is the basis of Dirac's bra-ket notation for the wave function. Development of matrix mechanics In 1925, Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and Pascual Jordan formulated the matrix mechanics representation of quantum mechanics. Epiphany at Helgoland In 1925 Werner Heisenberg was working in Göttingen on the problem of calculating the spectral lines of hydrogen.
"It was about three o' clock at night when the final result of the calculation lay before me. The Three Papers Heisenberg's reasoning . Further discussion Nobel Prize. HPS 0410 Einstein for Everyone. Title page, Preface and Table of Contents for Einstein for Everyone Introduction: the Questions Special Relativity Special Relativity: the Principles Special Relativity: Clocks and Rods Special Relativity: Adding Velocities Special Relativity: the Relativity of Simultaneity Is Special Relativity Paradoxical? E=mc2 Origins of Special Relativity Einstein's Pathway to Special Relativity Spacetime Spacetime Spacetime and the Relativity of Simultaneity Spacetime, Tachyons, Twins and Clocks What is a four dimensional space like?
Philosophical Significance of the Special Theory of Relativity. Skeptical Morals Morals About Theory and Evidence Morals About Time The Conventionality of Simultaneity Non-Euclidean Geometry Euclidean Geometry: The First Great Science Euclid's Fifth Postulate Non-Euclidean Geometry: A Sample Construction Non-Euclidean Geometry and Curved Spaces Spaces of Constant Curvature Spaces of Variable Curvature General Relativity General Relativity Gravity Near a Massive Body Cosmology and Black Holes.
Hans Bethe: Quantum Theory Made Relatively Simple. Hans Bethe: Quantum Theory Made Relatively Simple.