Insecticide - Wiki. FLIT manual spray pump for insecticides from 1928 Insecticides can be classified in different ways:[citation needed] Systemic insecticides are incorporated by treated plants. Insects ingest the insecticide while feeding on the plants.Contact insecticides are toxic to insects when brought into direct contact. Efficacy is often related to the quality of pesticide application, with small droplets (such as aerosols) often improve performance.[3]Natural insecticides, such as nicotine, pyrethrum and neem extracts are made by plants as defenses against insects. The mode of action describes how the pesticide kills or inactivates a pest. For products that repel rather than kill insects see insect repellents. Major classes[edit] Organochlorides[edit] The best-known organochloride, DDT, was created by Swiss scientist Paul Müller. Organophosphates and carbamates[edit] Pyrethroids[edit] Pyrethroid pesticides mimic the insecticidal activity of the natural compound pyrethrum.
Neonicotinoids[edit] DDT[edit] Thionyl chloride - Wiki. Thionyl chloride is an inorganic compound with the formula SOCl2. It is a reactive chemical used as a reagent in chlorination reactions. It is a colorless, distillable liquid at room temperature and pressure with a nauseating pungent odor that decomposes above 140 °C. Thionyl chloride is sometimes confused with sulfuryl chloride, SO2Cl2, but the properties of these compounds differ significantly. Sulfuryl chloride is a source of chlorine whereas thionyl chloride is a source of chloride ions. Approximately 45,000 tons per year of SOCl2 were produced in the early 1990s.[2] Properties and structure[edit] SOCl2 + H2O → 2 HCl + SO2 Production[edit] The major industrial synthesis involves the reaction of sulfur trioxide and sulfur dichloride:[3] SO3 + SCl2 → SOCl2 + SO2 Other methods include syntheses from phosphorus pentachloride, chlorine, or phosgene: SO2 + PCl5 → SOCl2 + POCl3 SO2 + Cl2 + SCl2 → 2 SOCl2 SO3 + Cl2 + 2 SCl2 → 3 SOCl2 SO2 + COCl2 → SOCl2 + CO2 Applications[edit] Organic chemistry[edit]
Makhteshim Agan - Wiki. Visitors to Makhteshim, 1959 Makhteshim Agan Plant in Brazil Makhteshim Agan Industries Ltd (also known as MA Industries, MAI) is a global manufacturer and distributor of branded off-patent crop protection solutions. In 1997, Makhteshim-Agan became a publicly traded company comprising two veteran companies: Makhteshim (1952) and Agan (1945), both involved in the manufacture of crop protection solutions. In 2011 the company was acquired by ChemChina. For the year ended 31 December 2012, the company reported revenues of US$2.83 billion.[2][3] History of products[edit] In 1944, Zvi Zurr and Michael Pikarski established the Agan Cooperative for the development of chemical products for the growing agricultural industry of the fledgling Jewish state. In 1973, Agan relocated once again to larger facilities in Ashdod, where it remains to this day.
Acquisition by ChemChina[edit] Operations[edit] Products[edit] Global Subsidiaries[edit] Endosulfan[edit] See also[edit] External links[edit] References[edit] Endosulfan - toxicity, ecological toxicity and regulatory information. Endosulfan - Wiki. Endosulfan is an off-patent organochlorine insecticide and acaricide that is being phased out globally. The two isomers, endo and exo, are known popularly as I and II. Endosulfan sulfate is a product of oxidation containing one extra O atom attached to the S atom. Endosulfan became a highly controversial agrichemical[1] due to its acute toxicity, potential for bioaccumulation, and role as an endocrine disruptor. Because of its threats to human health and the environment, a global ban on the manufacture and use of endosulfan was negotiated under the Stockholm Convention in April 2011.
The ban will take effect in mid-2012, with certain uses exempted for five additional years.[2] More than 80 countries,[3] including the European Union, Australia, New Zealand, several West African nations,[4] the United States,[5][6] Brazil,[7] and Canada[8] had already banned it or announced phase-outs by the time the Stockholm Convention ban was agreed upon. Uses[edit] Production[edit] Health effects[edit]
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene - Wiki. Hexachlorocyclopentadiene, also known as C-56, is an organochlorine compound that is a precursor to several pesticides. This colourless liquid is an inexpensive reactive diene. Many of its derivatives proved to be highly controversial, as studies showed them to be persistent organic pollutants. Collectively, the pesticides derived from hexachlorocyclopentadiene are called the cyclodienes. An estimated 270,000 tons were produced until 1976, and some are still manufactured by Velsicol in the US and by Jiangsu Anpon Electrochemicals Co. in China. [2] Synthesis and applications[edit] Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is prepared by chlorination of cyclopentadiene to give 1,1,2,3,4,5-octachlorocyclopentane, which in a second step undergoes dehydrochlorination:[3] C5H6 + 6 Cl2 → C5H2Cl8 + 4 HCl C5H2Cl8 → C5Cl6 + 2 HCl Hexachlorocyclopentadiene readily undergoes the Diels-Alder reaction to give a variety of adducts that were commercialized as pesticides.
Regulation[edit] Insect resistance[edit]