Heinrich Brüning. Heinrich Brüning ( listen ) (26 November 1885 – 30 March 1970) was Chancellor of Germany during the Weimar Republic from 1930 to 1932. He was the longest continuously serving Chancellor of the Weimar Republic. Brüning remains a controversial figure in Germany's history. His use of emergency decrees and ambivalent policies toward the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP), at times opposing them and at other times cooperating with them, contributed to the demise of the Weimar Republic.
Early life and education[edit] Born in Münster in Westphalia, Brüning lost his father when he was one year old and thus his elder brother Hermann Joseph played a major part in his upbringing. Volunteering for the infantry, he was enlisted despite the army's concern about his shortsightedness and physical weakness, and served in World War I from 1915 to 1918. Political career[edit] Rise in Politics[edit] In 1923 Brüning was actively involved in organizing the passive resistance in the "Ruhrkampf". No. 24: Memorandum from His Majesty's Government Replying to the German Memorandum.
Advertisement Close 23 Jun 1939 Memorandum from His Majesty's Government of June 23, 1939, replying to the German memorandum denouncing the Anglo-German Naval Agreement. General Considerations. IN their memorandum of the 27th April last the German Government state that, in making their offer in 1935 to limit themselves to a percentage of the British naval forces, they did so "on a basis of the firm conviction that for all time the recurrence of a warlike conflict between Germany and Great Britain was excluded. " 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. The Anglo-German Naval Agreement of 1937. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.
Source: The British War Bluebook; courtesy of Yale Law School Avalon ProjectAdded By: C. Economic Networks. This article discusses various network structures in which commercial transactions occurred and economic actors organized their activities. Simultaneous membership of multiple networks means that it is not possible to draw a sharp distinction between economic networks and political, cultural and religious relationship structures. This simultaneous membership also highlights the fact that cultural transfer and economic exchange were parallel processes. In order to maintain an overview of the rapidly increasing literature on networks, the article distinguishes between five thematic areas.
In addition to classic trade and credit networks, which have organised the flow of goods and finance for centuries, these include business networks based on capital and personnel interlocking which were formed with the emergence of the modern company, as well as internal company networks and innovation networks. Introduction Trade Networks Credit Networks Corporate Networks. European Freemasonries, 1850–1935: Networks and Transnational Movements. Balfour Declaration. A letter written by Arthur Balfour in support of a "national home for the Jewish people" Immediately following their declaration of war on the Ottoman Empire in November 1914, the British War Cabinet began to consider the future of Palestine; within two months a memorandum was circulated to the Cabinet by a Zionist Cabinet member, Herbert Samuel, proposing the support of Zionist ambitions in order to enlist the support of Jews in the wider war.
A committee was established in April 1915 by British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith to determine their policy towards the Ottoman Empire including Palestine. Asquith, who had favoured post-war reform of the Ottoman Empire, resigned in December 1916; his replacement David Lloyd George, favoured partition of the Empire. The first negotiations between the British and the Zionists took place at a conference on 7 February 1917 that included Sir Mark Sykes and the Zionist leadership. Background Early British support Early Zionism Ottoman Palestine Approvals. Vril. Vril, the Power of the Coming Race is an 1871 novel by Edward Bulwer-Lytton, originally printed as The Coming Race. Among its readers have been those who have believed that its account of a superior subterranean master race and the energy-form called "Vril" is accurate, to the extent that some theosophists, notably Helena Blavatsky, William Scott-Elliot, and Rudolf Steiner, accepted the book as being (at least in part) based on occult truth.[1] A popular book, The Morning of the Magicians (1960) suggested that a secret Vril Society existed in pre-Nazi Berlin.
However, there is no historical evidence for the existence of such a society. History[edit] Plot summary[edit] The novel centres on a young, independently wealthy traveller (the narrator), who accidentally finds his way into a subterranean world occupied by beings who seem to resemble angels and call themselves Vril-ya. Vril in the novel[edit] Literary significance and reception[edit] Stage adaptation[edit] Vril society[edit] [edit] Heinrich Himmler. High Nazi Germany official, head of the SS Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (German: [ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈluːɪtˌpɔlt ˈhɪmlɐ] ( listen); 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was Reichsführer of the Schutzstaffel (Protection Squadron; SS), and a leading member of the Nazi Party (NSDAP) of Germany.
Himmler was one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany and a main architect of the Holocaust. As a member of a reserve battalion during World War I, Himmler did not see active service. He studied agronomy in university, and joined the Nazi Party in 1923 and the SS in 1925. On Hitler's behalf, Himmler formed the Einsatzgruppen and built extermination camps. Early life Heinrich Luitpold Himmler was born in Munich on 7 October 1900 into a conservative middle-class Roman Catholic family. Himmler's first name, Heinrich, was that of his godfather, Prince Heinrich of Bavaria, a member of the royal family of Bavaria, who had been tutored by Gebhard Himmler. Nazi activist Rise in the SS Consolidation of power Anti-church struggle. WO II - 5. De Britten en de Woestijnvos | Kunst en Cultuur: Oorlog. De Tweede Wereldoorlog. De Duitsers hebben de geallieerden vernederd in Europa.
In Noord-Afrika echter behalen ze de eerste grote overwinning. Ze ondervinden hevige tegenstand van de Duitsers onder leiding van Erwin Rommel, de Woestijnvos. De Britten en de Woestijnvos 9 december 1940. De Britten lanceren in Egypte een offensief tegen de Italianen. Het wordt een vernedering. De Duitsers vechten terug In Berlijn heeft Hitler genoeg van zijn Italiaanse collega Mussolini. Gesteund door de Luftwaffe dringt het Afrikakorps de Britten terug. De Britten boeken (tijdelijke) overwinning Op 18 november lanceren de Britten een nieuw offensief om de stad te ontzetten. Lees verder. Forced labour under German rule during World War II. The use of forced labour in Nazi Germany and throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II took place on an unprecedented scale.[1] It was a vital part of the German economic exploitation of conquered territories.
It also contributed to the mass extermination of populations in German-occupied Europe. The Nazi Germans abducted approximately 12 million people from almost twenty European countries; about two thirds of whom came from Eastern Europe.[2] Many workers died as a result of their living conditions, mistreatment, malnutrition, or became civilian casualties of war. At its peak the forced labourers comprised 20% of the German work force. Counting deaths and turnover, about 15 million men and women were forced labourers at one point or another during the war.[3] The liberation of Germany in 1945 freed 11 million foreigners, called "displaced persons" – chiefly forced labourers and POWs. Forced workers[edit] Classifications[edit] Young Polish girl wearing Letter "P" patch.
Nazi Germany. Economy of Nazi Germany. World War I and the subsequent Treaty of Versailles with its severe reparations[1] imposed on Germany led to a decade of economic woes, including hyperinflation in the mid-1920s. Following the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the German economy, like those of many other western nations, suffered the effects of the Great Depression, with unemployment soaring. When Hitler became Chancellor in 1933, he introduced new efforts to improve Germany's economy, including autarky and the development of the German agricultural economy by placing tariffs on agricultural imports.[2] However, these changes—including autarky and nationalization of key industries—had a mixed record. By 1938, unemployment was practically extinct.[3] Wages increased by 10.9% in real terms during this period.[4] However, nationalization and a cutting off of trade meant rationing in key resources like poultry, fruit, and clothing for many Germans.[5] Political economy of Nazi Germany[edit] Pre-war economy: 1933–1939[edit]
Holocaust Timeline: Nuremberg War Crime Trials. Holocaust Timeline. Jump to: 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1933 January 30, 1933 - Adolf Hitler is appointed Chancellor of Germany a nation with a Jewish population of 566,000. February 22, 1933 - 40,000 SA and SS men are sworn in as auxiliary police. February 27, 1933 - Nazis burn Reichstag building to create crisis atmosphere.
February 28, 1933 - Emergency powers granted to Hitler as a result of the Reichstag fire. March 22, 1933 - Nazis open Dachau concentration camp near Munich, to be followed by Buchenwald near Weimar in central Germany, Sachsenhausen near Berlin in northern Germany, and Ravensbrück for women. Terms of use: Private home/school non-commercial, non-Internet re-usage only is allowed of any text, graphics, photos, audio clips, other electronic files or materials from The History Place. Holocaust Timeline: The Camps. In January 1942, SS official Reinhard Heydrich held a meeting of Nazi government officials to present the Final Solution. At this meeting, known as the Wannsee Conference , the Nazi officials agreed to SS plans for the transport and destruction of all 11 million Jews of Europe.
The Nazis would use the latest in twentieth century technology, cost efficient engineering and mass production techniques for the sole purpose of killing off the following racial groups: Jews, Russian prisoners of war, and Gypsies (Sinti-Roma). Their long-range plans, unrealized, included targeting some 30 million Slavs for death. Wannsee Conference entry from the Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. Minutes of the Wannsee Conference planning the annihilation of over 11 million European Jews. Starting early in 1942, the Jewish genocide (sometimes called the Judeocide) went into full operation. Ultimately, the Nazis were responsible for the deaths of some 2.7 million Jews in the death camps. Many photographs of Buchenwald.
Forced labour under German rule during World War II. The use of forced labour in Nazi Germany and throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II took place on an unprecedented scale.[1] It was a vital part of the German economic exploitation of conquered territories. It also contributed to the mass extermination of populations in German-occupied Europe. The Nazi Germans abducted approximately 12 million people from almost twenty European countries; about two thirds of whom came from Eastern Europe.[2] Many workers died as a result of their living conditions, mistreatment, malnutrition, or became civilian casualties of war. At its peak the forced labourers comprised 20% of the German work force. Counting deaths and turnover, about 15 million men and women were forced labourers at one point or another during the war.[3] The liberation of Germany in 1945 freed 11 million foreigners, called "displaced persons" – chiefly forced labourers and POWs.
Forced workers[edit] Classifications[edit] Young Polish girl wearing Letter "P" patch. Nazi Camps. INTRODUCTION Between 1933 and 1945, Nazi Germany established about 20,000 camps to imprison its many millions of victims. These camps were used for a range of purposes including forced-labor camps, transit camps which served as temporary way stations, and killing centers built primarily or exclusively for mass murder. EARLY CAMPS From its rise to power in 1933, the Nazi regime built a series of detention facilities to imprison and eliminate so-called "enemies of the state. " Most prisoners in the early concentration camps were German Communists, Socialists, Social Democrats, Roma (Gypsies), Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, and persons accused of "asocial" or socially deviant behavior. These facilities were called “concentration camps” because those imprisoned there were physically “concentrated” in one location.
Following the June 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union, the Nazis increased the number of prisoner-of-war (POW) camps. Nazi Germany - Concentration Camps. Between 1933 and 1945 the Nazis opened around 20,000 concentration camps in Germany and Nazi-occupied countries to deal with the numbers of people arrested as enemies of the state. The camps were run by the SS and inmates faced harsh, insanitary conditions, poor diet, forced hard labour and ad hoc punishments. The first camp was opened at Dachau on 22nd March 1933. It was built to detain 5000 political opponents of the Nazi Party, mainly Communists. In 1934 the Nazis began using inmates of concentration camps as forced labour for personal or camp projects.
The work was hard and physically demanding and without sufficient food rations the mortality rate of concentration camp inmates rose dramatically. In 1943 a concentration camp detainee would have had a life expectancy of six weeks. All concentration camp inmates had to wear a coloured badge to show the nature of their ‘crime’. Killing Centres Chelmno began operating as a killing centre in December 1941. Belzec opened in March 1942. Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt WVHA - www.HolocaustResearchProject.org. The SS Wirtschafts und Verwaltungshauptamt (WVHA; Economic and Administrative Main Office) was established in March 1942, with Oswald Pohl as its chief. It took the place of several previous offices, including the Administrative Department (Verwaltungsamt) of the SS Central Office (SS Hauptamt), the Department of Budget and Buildings (Hauptamt Haushalt und Bauten), and the Inspector of Concentration Camps (Inspekteur der Konzentrationslager).
On February 1, 1942, Himmler ordered another reorganization, and both main offices were fused into one large SS Economic and Administrative Main Office (WVHA). Himmler order, dated April 20th, 1939, establishing the [Hauptamt Verwaltung und Wirtschaft] "Main Office for Administration and Economy" which would later become the WVHA: The WVHA was organized into the following divisions and offices: Division A Chief: SS Brigadefuehrer and Brigadier General of the Waffen SS Frank with offices: B I Food.B II Clothing.B III Housing. Concentration Camp Economics. Aktion Reinhard Economics.
Michael Tsarion: False History, WWII, Middle East, Zionism and Neo-Cons - Dire Wolf 2006 P3of3.