biases
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List of cognitive biases - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A cognitive bias describes a replicable pattern in perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, or what is broadly called irrationality . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] They are the result of distortions in the human mind that always lead to the same pattern of poor judgment, often triggered by a particular situation.
Optimism bias - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Optimism bias is the demonstrated systematic tendency for people to be overly optimistic about the outcome of planned actions.From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Pessimism bias is an effect in which people exaggerate the likelihood that negative things will happen to them. It contrasts with optimism bias , which is a more general, systematic tendency to underestimate personal risks and overestimate the likelihood of positive life events. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Depressed people are particularly likely to exhibit a pessimism bias. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Surveys of smokers have found that their ratings of their risk of heart disease showed a small but significant pessimism bias; however, the literature as a whole is inconclusive. [ 1 ]
Pessimism bias - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cognitive dissonance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cognitive dissonance is a discomfort caused by holding conflicting cognitions (e.g., ideas , beliefs , values , emotional reactions) simultaneously. In a state of dissonance, people may feel surprise, dread, guilt, anger, or embarrassment. [ 1 ] The theory of cognitive dissonance in social psychology proposes that people have a motivational drive to reduce dissonance by altering existing cognitions, adding new ones to create a consistent belief system, or alternatively by reducing the importance of any one of the dissonant elements. [ 1 ] An example of this would be the conflict between wanting to smoke and knowing that smoking is unhealthy; a person may try to change their feelings about the odds that they will actually suffer the consequences, or they might add the consonant element that the smoking is worth short term benefits.Inattentional blindness - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Inattentional blindness , also known as perceptual blindness , is when a person fails to notice some stimulus that is in plain sight.
Hindsight , also known as the knew-it-all-along effect or creeping determinism , is the inclination to see events that have already occurred as being more predictable than they were before they took place. [ 1 ] It is a multifaceted phenomenon that can affect different stages of designs, processes, contexts, and situations. [ 2 ] Hindsight bias may cause memory distortion, where the recollection and reconstruction of content can lead to false theoretical outcomes. It has been suggested that the effect can cause extreme methodological problems while trying to analyze, understand, and interpret results in experimental studies.
Hindsight bias - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kognitive Dissonanz – Wikipedia
Kognitive Dissonanz bezeichnet in der (Sozial-)Psychologie einen als unangenehm empfundenen Gefühlszustand, der dadurch entsteht, dass ein Mensch mehrere Kognitionen hat – Wahrnehmungen, Gedanken, Meinungen, Einstellungen , Wünsche oder Absichten –, die nicht miteinander vereinbar sind, also eine Art von „Störgefühl“. wenn man sich konträr zu seinen Überzeugungen verhält, ohne dass es dafür eine externe Rechtfertigung (Nutzen/Belohnung oder Kosten/Bestrafung) gibt.
Trait ascription bias is the tendency for people to view themselves as relatively variable in terms of personality, behavior and mood while viewing others as much more predictable in their personal traits across different situations. This may be because our own internal states are much more observable and available to us than those of others.
Trait ascription bias - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In social psychology , the fundamental attribution error (also known as correspondence bias or attribution effect ) describes the tendency to over-value dispositional or personality-based explanations for the observed behaviors of others while under-valuing situational explanations for those behaviors. The fundamental attribution error is most visible when people explain the behavior of others. It does not explain interpretations of one's own behavior—where situational factors are often taken into consideration.
Fundamental attribution error - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia