Philosophy
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Heidegger
Does Philosophy Matter? (Part Two) - NYTimes.com
Some of the readers who were not persuaded by my argument that abstract moral propositions do not travel into practical contexts (see, “ Does Philosophy Matter? ”) offer what they take to be obvious counterexamples. Joe ( 187 ) cites “the ‘Philosophers’ Brief’ on assisted suicide that was submitted to the Supreme Court.” The example, however, counts for my side. A belief in moral absolutes, as an abstract position, affirms no particular moral absolute. The brief was written by Ronald Dworkin, Thomas Nagel, Robert Nozick, John Rawls, Thomas Scanlon and Judith Jarvis Thomson (an all-star roster if there ever was one).Fallacies [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
A fallacy is a kind of error in reasoning. The alphabetical list below contains 207 names of the most common fallacies, and it provides brief explanations and examples of each of them. Fallacies should not be persuasive, but they often are. Fallacies may be created unintentionally, or they may be created intentionally in order to deceive other people.
Philosophers, Culture Critics, and Theorists
Philosophy
Žižek
The greatest of heathen Philosophers , born at Stagira, a Grecian colony in the Thracian peninsula Chalcidice, 384 B.C.; died at Chalcis, in Euboea, 322 B.C. His father, Nicomachus, was court physician to King Amyntas of Macedonia . This position, we have reason to believe, was held under various predecessors of Amyntas by Aristotle's ancestors, so that the profession of medicine was in a sense hereditary in the family . Whatever early training Aristotle received was probably influenced by this circumstance; when, therefore at the age of eighteen he went to Athens his mind was already determined in the direction which it afterwards took, the investigation of natural phenomena.
CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Aristotle
This site provides valuable information about the life and work of Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis. We approached also the psychoanalytic movement and the personalities who interacted more or less with Freud's ideas, with the development and recognition of psychoanalysis. Last but not least, we provide a forum where people concerned with discussions about Freudian theories may find the right place to share their ideas. => Freud and Dreams. - A 10-lesson email course teaching you the Freud's method of dream interpretation. It is designed for beginners or persons without any knowledge in this respect. Click here to learn more...
Sigmund Freud - Life and Work
Jacques Derrida (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
First published Wed Nov 22, 2006; substantive revision Fri Jun 3, 2011 Jacques Derrida (1930-2004) was the founder of “deconstruction,” a way of criticizing not only both literary and philosophical texts but also political institutions. Although Derrida at times expressed regret concerning the fate of the word “deconstruction,” its popularity indicates the wide-ranging influence of his thought, in philosophy, in literary criticism and theory, in art and, in particular, architectural theory, and in political theory. Indeed, Derrida's fame nearly reached the status of a media star, with hundreds of people filling auditoriums to hear him speak, with films and televisions programs devoted to him, with countless books and articles devoted to his thinking. Beside critique, Derridean deconstruction consists in an attempt to re-conceive the difference that divides self-reflection (or self-consciousness).
D E R R I D A : O N L I N E
Encyclopedia Britannica Online (the folks who gave this site here a one-star rating about a decade ago) has just reiterated that it considers this site the web's best when it comes to Derrida (Mon, 16 Oct 2006). The University of Florida hosts a conference called "'Who?' or 'What?' - Jacques Derrida" , Oct 9-11, featuring Hélène Cixous, Peggy Kamuf, and Geoffrey Bennington, as well as a public reading of an unpublished seminar text by Jacques Derrida: "The Concept of Comparative Literature and the Theoretical Problems of Translation."First published Mon May 5, 2003; substantive revision Mon Oct 10, 2011 Theodor W. Adorno was one of the most important philosophers and social critics in Germany after World War II. Although less well known among anglophone philosophers than his contemporary Hans-Georg Gadamer, Adorno had even greater influence on scholars and intellectuals in postwar Germany.
Adorno
Baruch Spinoza (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
First published Fri Jun 29, 2001; substantive revision Mon Dec 1, 2008 Baruch (or Benedictus) Spinoza is one of the most important philosophers—and certainly the most radical—of the early modern period. His thought combines a commitment to Cartesian metaphysical and epistemological principles with elements from ancient Stoicism and medieval Jewish rationalism into a nonetheless highly original system. His extremely naturalistic views on God, the world, the human being and knowledge serve to ground a moral philosophy centered on the control of the passions leading to virtue and happiness. They also lay the foundations for a strongly democratic political thought and a deep critique of the pretensions of Scripture and sectarian religion. Of all the philosophers of the seventeenth-century, perhaps none have more relevance today than Spinoza.
First published Mon Apr 21, 2008 At least in anglophone countries, Spinoza's reputation as a political thinker is eclipsed by his reputation as a rationalist metaphysician. Nevertheless, Spinoza was a penetrating political theorist whose writings have enduring significance. In his two political treatises, Spinoza advances a number of forceful and original arguments in defense of democratic governance, freedom of thought and expression, and the subordination of religion to the state. On the basis of his naturalistic metaphysics, Spinoza also offers trenchant criticisms of ordinary conceptions of right and duty. And his account of civil organization, grounded in psychological realism, stands as an important contribution to the development of constitutionalism and the rule of law.
Spinoza's Political Philosophy
First published Tue Jan 26, 2010; substantive revision Tue Jun 1, 2010 The term “theory of meaning” has figured, in one way or another, in a great number of philosophical disputes over the last half-century. Unfortunately, this term has also been used to mean a great number of different things. Here I focus on two sorts of “theory of meaning.”
Theories of Meaning (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
First published Fri Sep 12, 2003; substantive revision Tue Feb 26, 2008 “Philosophy of Economics” consists of inquiries concerning (a) rational choice, (b) the appraisal of economic outcomes, institutions and processes, and (c) the ontology of economic phenomena and the possibilities of acquiring knowledge of them. Although these inquiries overlap in many ways, it is useful to divide philosophy of economics in this way into three subject matters which can be regarded respectively as branches of action theory, ethics (or normative social and political philosophy), and philosophy of science. Economic theories of rationality, welfare, and social choice defend substantive philosophical theses often informed by relevant philosophical literature and of evident interest to those interested in action theory, philosophical psychology, and social and political philosophy.
Economics, Philosophy of
Economics and Economic Justice (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
First published Fri May 28, 2004; substantive revision Mon Jun 9, 2008 Distributive justice is often considered not to belong to the scope of economics, but there is actually an important literature in economics that addresses normative issues in social and economic justice. A variety of economic theories and approaches provide many insights in these matters.First published Thu May 17, 2007; substantive revision Tue Sep 6, 2011 Jürgen Habermas currently ranks as one of the most influential philosophers in the world. Bridging continental and Anglo-American traditions of thought, he has engaged in debates with thinkers as diverse as Gadamer and Putnam, Foucault and Rawls, Derrida and Brandom. His extensive written work addresses topics stretching from social-political theory to aesthetics, epistemology and language to philosophy of religion, and his ideas have significantly influenced not only philosophy but also political-legal thought, sociology, communication studies, argumentation theory and rhetoric, developmental psychology and theology.
Jürgen Habermas
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Source : Idea for a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Point of View (1784). Translation by Lewis White Beck. From Immanuel Kant, “On History,” The Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1963.