Structuralisme
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Structuralisme
Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Le structuralisme est un courant des sciences humaines qui s'inspire du modèle linguistique et appréhende la réalité sociale comme un ensemble formel de relations. Sa pensée s'exerce aussi à travers l'analyse structurelle des textes littéraires.
Structuralism
In critical theory , structuralism is a theoretical paradigm emphasizing that elements of human culture must be understood in terms of their relationship to a larger, overarching system or structure. It works to uncover the structures that underlie all the things that humans do, think, perceive, and feel. Alternately, as summarized by philosopher Simon Blackburn , Structuralism is "the belief that phenomena of human life are not intelligible except through their interrelations. These relations constitute a structure, and behind local variations in the surface phenomena there are constant laws of abstract culture". [ 1 ] Structuralism originated in the early 1900s, in the structural linguistics of Ferdinand de Saussure and the subsequent Prague , [ 2 ] Moscow [ 2 ] and Copenhagen schools of linguistics.
Claude Lévi-Strauss
Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. « Lévi-Strauss » redirige ici. Pour les autres significations, voir Levi Strauss . Claude Lévi-Strauss Anthropologue et ethnologue français
Claude Lévi-Strauss ( French: [klod levi stʁos] ; 28 November 1908 – 30 October 2009) [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] was a French anthropologist and ethnologist , and has been called, along with James George Frazer and Franz Boas , [ 4 ] the "father of modern anthropology". [ 5 ] He argued that the "savage" mind had the same structures as the "civilized" mind and that human characteristics are the same everywhere. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] These observations culminated in his famous book Tristes Tropiques , which positioned him as one of the central figures in the structuralist school of thought, where his ideas reached into fields including the humanities , sociology and philosophy . Structuralism has been defined as "the search for the underlying patterns of thought in all forms of human activity." [ 2 ]
Claude Lévi-Strauss
Ferdinand de Saussure
Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Saussure . Ferdinand de Saussure , né à Genève le 26 novembre 1857 et mort au château de Vufflens-sur-Morges le 22 février 1913 , est un linguiste suisse . Reconnu comme fondateur du structuralisme en linguistique, il s'est aussi distingué par ses travaux sur les langues indo-européennes . On estime (surtout en Europe) qu'il a fondé la linguistique moderne et établi les bases de la sémiologie . Dans son Cours de linguistique générale (1916), publié après sa mort par ses élèves, il définit certains concepts fondamentaux (distinction entre langage, langue et parole , entre synchronie et diachronie , caractère arbitraire du signe linguistique , etc.) qui inspireront non seulement la linguistique ultérieure mais aussi d'autres secteurs des sciences humaines comme l' ethnologie , l' analyse littéraire , la philosophie et la psychanalyse lacanienne .
Ferdinand de Saussure ( / s ɔː ˈ s ʊr / or / s oʊ ˈ s ʊr / ; French: [fɛʁdinɑ̃ də sosyʁ] ; 26 November 1857 – 22 February 1913) was a Swiss linguist and semiotician whose ideas laid a foundation for many significant developments both in linguistics and semiotics in the 20th century. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] He is widely considered one of the fathers of 20th-century linguistics [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] and one of two major fathers (together with Charles Sanders Peirce ) of semiotics. [ 8 ] One of his translators, Emeritus Professor of Linguistics ( Oxford University ), Roy Harris , summarized Saussure's contribution to linguistics and the study of language in the following way: "Language is no longer regarded as peripheral to our grasp of the world we live in, but as central to it. Words are not mere vocal labels or communicational adjuncts superimposed upon an already given order of things.
