Crash Course Nervous System 2: How Action Potentials Work. Post 2 in the Crash Course series on how the nervous system works: Action Potential! Neurons are extraordinary cells. Beyond being intricately branched and gigantic relative to most cells, every second hundreds of billions of electrical impulses called action potentials are transmitted in your body. Before we check out how that works, it’s useful to refresh a few electricity terms. Voltage is a difference in electrical charge. In neurons, voltage is measured in milivolts (1/1000th of a volt) and is called membrane potential. The greater the charge difference, the greater the membrane potential. Current is the flow of electricity. When neurons are at rest and not receiving electrical signal. their internal charge is negative thanks to the activity of a remarkable macromolecular machine: the sodium-potassium pump.
In addition to sodium potassium pumps, neurons have many types of ion channels. Ion channels allow many charged ions to pass across a cell membrane. How an Action Potential Works. 169 Ch 21_lecture_presentation. ⚡Presentation "26-1 Chapter 26 Lecture Outline See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill." The Mind's Machine - Chapter 3 Visual Summary. CH 11 Neuron-to-Neuron Transmission. Exam 3 Review: Chapter 11: Neuron-to-Neuron Transmission axodendritic - A term pertaining to an excitatory or inhibitory synaptic connection between the presynaptic axon of a transmitting neuron and the postsynaptic dendrite(s) of a receiving neuron in a nerve impulse pathway; such connections can influence whether or not a graded potential will be generated on a postsynaptic dendrite. axosomatic - A term pertaining to an excitatory or inhibitory synaptic connection between the presynaptic axon of a transmitting neuron and the postsynaptic cell body/soma of a receiving neuron in a nerve impulse pathway; such connections can influence whether or not an action potential will be generated in the postsynaptic axon trigger zone at the axon hillock. diffusion - The spontaneous movement of molecules or other particles in solution, owing to their random thermal motion, to reach a uniform concentration throughout the solvent, a process requiring no addition of energy to the system.
List: 12. 13. Skin. Anatomy and Physiology - Science Olympiad Student Center Wiki. Anatomy and Physiology is an event which tests students' knowledge about the anatomy and physiology of a human body. Division B and Division C will both typically concentrate on three systems. Topics may include diseases in those systems as well as the general anatomy and function of each system from the cellular to the holistic scale. Check the General Anatomy page for information concerning basic topics of anatomy. The event can be run in stations or be administered as one test packet. 2016 Body Systems Note: BOTH divisions have all three systems this year. Past Body Systems The Stations If there are stations, there may be 10-20 of them. There may also be a different type of testing, where students are given a time limit to look at a PowerPoint slide and answer the question/questions on that slide.
Students must note that in tests there is a strong possibility that a model would be used. The Test There may be as many as 60 questions on the test. Materials Preparing for This Event Tips: 1. 2. Developmental stages. ⚡Presentation "LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert." Sea Urchin Main Menu. Chapter 14. Gastrulation and Neurulation. Animal development: Gastrulation Animal development: Neurulation and organogenesis Gastrulation "It is not birth, marriage, or death, but gastrulation, which is truly the most important time in your life. " Lewis Wolpert (1986) During gastrulation, cell movements result in a massive reorganization of the embryo from a simple spherical ball of cells, the blastula, into a multi-layered organism.
During gastrulation, many of the cells at or near the surface of the embryo move to a new, more interior location. The primary germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm) are formed and organized in their proper locations during gastrulation. Endoderm, the most internal germ layer, forms the lining of the gut and other internal organs. This fate map diagram of a Xenopus blastula shows cells whose fate is to become ectoderm in blue and green, cells whose fate is to become mesoderm in red, and cells whose fate is to become endoderm in yellow. From LIFE: The Science of Biology, Purves et al, 1998 3. Ingression of PMCs. ⚡Presentation "Principles of Development Chapter 8. Early Concepts: Preformation vs Epigenesis The question of how a zygote becomes an animal has been asked for centuries."
BIOL3530: Molecular and Developmental Biology, Vertebrate Development II: Axes and Germ Layers. Molecular & Developmental Biology (BIOL3530) With Dr. Brian E. StaveleyDepartment of BiologyMemorial University of Newfoundland The three main stages of vertebrate development1) setting up the main body axes (A/P and D/V) 2) specification of three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm) 3) germ layer patterning (mesoderm and early nervous system) Maternal genes provide factors (RNA and proteins) to the egg during oogenesis (including subcellular localization to specific regions. Zygotic genes are expressed by the embryo's genes. Both maternal and zygotic genes may have long term effects upon the embryo's development. Xenopus animal/vegetal axis is maternally determinedBefore fertilization, the clear distinction that the animal pole is different from the vegetal pole is established.
Intercellular signaling and developmentA number of extracellular signals pass from cells of origin to bind the cell-surface of the receiving cells. The Origin and Specification of germ layers. ⚡Presentation "Tutorial for module BY1101: Embryology Joe Colgan (tcolgan@tcd.ie) BY1101 Introduction to Molecular and Cellular Biology." Basic Skin Histology. ⚡Presentation "BASIS Skin Care Training Skin Care Training 2011 A.J. Lloyd BASIS Medical Technologies 20122." Small and Large Intestine | histology. The histology of the wall of the small intestine differs somewhat in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, but the changes occur gradually from one end of the intestine to the other. 1. DuodenumSlide 162 40x (pyloro-duodenal junct, H&E) WebScope (link is external) ImageScopeSlide 161 40x (pylorus, duodenum, pancreas, H&E) WebScope (link is external) ImageScope Look at slide 162 first. Locate the duodenal portion in this slide and notice the presence of submucosal mucous glands (Brunner's glands).
Observe that the ducts of these glands (and, occasionally, some acini) penetrate the muscularis mucosae and open into a crypt of Lieberkühn. After viewing slide 162, move to slide 161 and try to find the duodenal region in this tissue section. 2. View these sections with the low power objective and identify the mucosa, submucosa and the muscularis externa. The epithelium lining the villi continues into the intestinal glands. Lower GI. Lower Gastrointestinal Tract OBJECTIVES: At the end of this laboratory you should be able to: 1.
Identify and describe regional differences in the lower GI tract, from the beginning of the small intestine through the anal canal. Be able to relate structure with function. 2. Identify and describe the specialized epithelial cells and know their functions. 3. 4. 5. SLIDES FOR THIS LABORATORY: 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, and Supplemental Slide 122. Slide 52 Duodenum. Observe Brunner's glands in the submucosa. Slide 54 Jejunum. Notice the folding of the submucosa and the mucosa. Slide 53 Ileum. The distinguishing feature of the ileum is the presence of large groups of lymphatic nodules in the lamina propria called Peyer's patches . Slide 57 Newborn human ileum. Observe Peyer's patches in the lamina propria. Slide 56 Colon. There are no villi or plicae circularis in the large intestine. Supplemental Slide 122 Colon, newborn human.
Slide 55 Appendix. Dictionary - Normal: Duodenum - The Human Protein Atlas. Duodenum The most proximal and widest part of the small intestine is the duodenum. It starts at the pylorus of the stomach, ends at the duodenojejunal junction and measures about 25 cm long. It receives partly digested food (chyme) from the stomach and bile and pancreatic fluids from the pancreaticobiliary duct. After entering the duodenum the acidic contents from the stomach is neutralized by secretion from the intestine and pancreas. Enzymes secreted from the pancreas starts the degradation of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins to enable absorption.
As in all of the small intestine, the mucosa forms fingerlike projections called villi. that extend into the intestinal lumen. Underlying the villi are the intestinal glands, also called the crypts of Lieberkuhn. In the submucosa numerous pale stained glands are present, namely the Brunner's glands. General histology of gastro-intestinal tract (GI-tract) The general structure of all parts of the GI-tract is. Histology Digestive page 1 Frame. Histology-World! Table of Contents. Techniques, Microscopy and Histochemistry Histology Photo Album: Stains Histology Testbank Histology Testbank: Microscope Test 1 Histology Testbank: Microscope Test 2 Histology Testbank: Histology Stains and Techniques Test 1 Histology Testbank: Histology Stains and Techniques Test 2 Histology Stains Histology Microscopes General Histology Microscope Information How to Use a Histology Microscope Audio Microscope Glossary Written Microscope Glossary Without Audio Cells and Tissues Sponsored Links Histology Games Histology Game Show: Cells Histology Game Show: Tissue Histology Match Up Quiz: Cells Histology Crossword Puzzle: Cells Histology Tissue Classification (1) Histology Tissue Classification Game (2) Histology Photo Album Histology Photo Album: Cells and Fibers Histology Photo Album: EM Histology Photo Album: Cell Illustrations Histology Photo Album: DNA, RNA, Mitosis, Meiosis Histology Practical: Cells Histology Flashcards: Tissues Histology Test Bank Histology Fact Sheet Epithelium Histology.
Lab 2: Microscopy and the Study of Tissues – Zoo-lab | UW-La Crosse. Tissues and Organs | DesaDoc. Tissues and Organs In medicine are really important artificial tissues to help life going longer. Up to now are involved artificial heart valves and tubes to keep blood vessels open have been used for quite a while. Damaged tissue are replaced from themselves in a new way starting from other tissue growth from other animals. Living organism The largest cell in the human body is the egg cell called ovum (its the biggest because it has to store food reserves). Different types of cells develop specific functions and specialized in one of them so they have differentiated. A tissue is a collection of similar specialized cells that work together to achieve a particular function. There are four basic tissue types: Epithelial tissue forms thin sheets that line and cover body structures. Connective tissue in tough and fibrous and forms structures that hold the body together. Muscular tissue can contact to produce movement.
Epithelial tissue Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. Like this: Tissue: The Living Fabric. Tissue: The Living Fabric Introduction to Tissue Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function. There are four primary tissue types: epithelial (covering), connective (support), nervous (control), and muscular (movement). Preparing Human Tissue for Microscopy Tissue specimens must be fixed (preserved) and sectioned (sliced) thinly enough to allow light transmission. Tissue sections must be stained with dyes that bind to different parts of the cell in slightly different ways so that anatomical structures are distinguished from one another.
Epithelial Tissue Features of Epithelia Epithelium occurs in the body as a sheet of cells that covers a body surface, lines a cavity, or forms a gland. Coverings, linings, glands. Special Characteristics of Epithelium Composed of closely packed cells with little extracellular material between. Adjacent epithelial cells are bound together by specialized contacts such as desmosomes and tight junctions. Innervated but avascular. Proteoglycans. Biology of Humans. Body Organization and Homeostasis - Biology of Humans.
4. Body Organization and Homeostasis In the previous chapter, we learned about cells. This chapter begins by describing the variety of cells and their function. It then describes the body’s organization at four levels: cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. It looks at the functions of the skin as an organ system and discusses how all the body’s systems interact to maintain relatively constant internal conditions, when they can, at every organizational level. From Cells to Organ Systems Think for a moment about the multitude of functions taking place in your body at this very instant. Tissues A tissue is a group of cells of similar type that work together to serve a common function.
. · Cells are arranged in tissues, and tissues, in turn, form organs. Epithelial tissue. The three basic shapes of epithelial cells are suited to their functions. Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar epithelium can be either simple (a single layer of cells) or stratified (multiple layers of cells). FIGURE 4.1. Dr. B Ch 03_lecture_presentation. Chapter 9: Muscles and Muscles Tissue. Overview of Muscle Tissues Types of Muscle Tissue Skeletal muscle is associated with the bony skeleton, and consists of large cells that bear striations and are controlled voluntarily. Cardiac muscle occurs only in the heart, and consists of small cells that are striated and under involuntary control. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs, and consists of small elongated cells that are not striated and are under involuntary control.
Special Characteristics of Muscle Tissue Excitability, or irritability, is the ability to receive and respond to a stimulus. Muscle Functions Muscles produce movement by acting on the bones of the skeleton, pumping blood, or propelling substances throughout hollow organ systems. Skeletal Muscle Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Each muscle has a nerve and blood supply that allows neural control and ensures adequate nutrient delivery and waste removal.
Direct - epimysium fused to periosteum or perichondrium. Sliding Filament Model of Contraction. Human Anatomy Models. Dorena Rode Anatomy Open Lab. Animal Development (starfish), Laboratory Notes in BIO 1003. Laboratory Notes for BIO 1003 © 30 August 1999, John H. Wahlert & Mary Jean Holland Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT—Starfish The slide of stages in starfish development illustrates stages from unfertilized egg to gastrula—typical of echinoderms and chordates that have very little yolk in the egg. Starfish development w.m. Identifiable stages are: ovum, an unfertilized egg; nucleus and nucleolus are visiblezygote, a fertilized egg (diploid); the nucleus is not visible2 cells, the product of mitosis of the zygote, cells size is halved4 cells 8 cellsmorula (like a compact cluster of grapes)blastula, a hollow ball of cells—early, middle, and late stages are determined by cell size, which gets smaller with each round of mitosis gastrula in which the surface pushes into the interior at a point called the blastopore to form a tube that will become the digestive system.
Larva—some slides show a further developmental stage. Return to Index. ⚡Presentation "HEART MODEL I Anterior View Apex Ascending Aorta Aortic Arch Auricle of Left Atrium Auricle of Right Atrium Pulmonary Trunk Superior Vena Cava Left & Right." Photo Gallery of Anatomy Models. Labeling, design and programming by Leif Saul. Photos by Leif Saul, Chris Landis, and Robert Donovan. Note 1: You can zoom in on these models. Control-click (on a Mac) or right-click (on a Windows computer) until the pop-up menu appears, then choose "zoom in" from the menu. When it is zoomed in, you can drag the image around with the mouse. Note 2: The choice of labeled structures does not necessarily indicate what you are responsible for. Your lab manual lists the structures that you need to know for exams. Note 3: Each model photo now offers several labeling options. Body Regions Head: midsagittal section (primarily structures of the brain)Thorax: deep view (primarily blood vessels)Abdomen: visceral organsAbdomen: deep view (primarily visceral organs and vessels)Leg: deep posterior view (primarily muscles and blood vessels) Integumentary System Skin of the armpitSkin of the hairy scalpSkin: epidermis and dermis Skeletal System Articulations Knee: anterior viewKnee: posterior view Muscles.
Heart Pictures, Diagram & Anatomy. Human: Explore the Body in 3D! Anatomy Models. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. BIO202-Heart Model. Atlas of Vascular Anatomy. The Anatomy and Physiology Learning System - Edith Applegate - Google Books. Fetal Circulation System. The Cardiovascular System: The Heart.