Civil engineering. History of the civil engineering profession[edit] Engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human existence.
The earliest practice of civil engineering may have commenced between 4000 and 2000 BC in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia (Ancient Iraq) when humans started to abandon a nomadic existence, creating a need for the construction of shelter. During this time, transportation became increasingly important leading to the development of the wheel and sailing. Until modern times there was no clear distinction between civil engineering and architecture, and the term engineer and architect were mainly geographical variations referring to the same occupation, and often used interchangeably.[7] The construction of pyramids in Egypt (circa 2700–2500 BC) were some of the first instances of large structure constructions.
In 1818 the Institution of Civil Engineers was founded in London, and in 1820 the eminent engineer Thomas Telford became its first president. Construction. Building construction is the process of preparing for and forming buildings[1] and building systems.[2] Construction starts with planning, design, and financing and continues until the structure is ready for occupancy.
Building Information Modeling. BBHCSD - District News. Time bomb. A time bomb (or timebomb, time-bomb) is a bomb whose detonation is triggered by a timer.
The use (or attempted use) of time bombs has been for various purposes including insurance fraud, terrorism, assassination and warfare. Construction[edit] Diagram of a simple time bomb in the form of a pipe bomb A time bomb's timing mechanism may be professionally manufactured, either separately or as part of the device, or it may be improvised from an ordinary household timer such as a wind-up alarm clock, wrist watch, digital kitchen timer, or notebook computer.
Types[edit] Types of time bombs include: Delay-action bomb (bombs dropped by aircraft with a delay to increase damage/disruption)Improvised explosive device ("home-made" bombs with a delay to allow the person placing the bomb to escape)Limpet mine (attached to enemy ships by naval divers) List of some notable incidents involving time bombs[edit] Time bombs in fiction[edit] Such fictional appearances include: Tool. A tool is any physical item that can be used to achieve a goal, especially if the item is not consumed in the process.
Informally the word is also used to describe a procedure or process with a specific purpose. Tool use by humans dates back millions of years, and other animals are also known to employ simple tools. Tools that are used in particular fields or activities may have different designations such as "instrument", "utensil", "implement", "machine", or "apparatus". Coffee. Coffee is a brewed beverage prepared from the roasted or baked seeds of several species of an evergreen shrub of the genus Coffea.
The two most common sources of coffee beans are the highly regarded Coffea arabica, and the "robusta" form of the hardier Coffea canephora. The latter is resistant to the coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix), but has a more bitter taste. Coffee plants are cultivated in more than 70 countries, primarily in equatorial Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Africa. Once ripe, coffee "berries" are picked, processed and dried to yield the seeds inside. The seeds are then roasted to varying degrees, depending on the desired flavor, before being ground and brewed to create coffee. Tracked vehicle. A closeup of continuous tracks on a bulldozer A British Army Challenger 1 tank An agricultural tractor with rubber tracks Continuous track, also called tank tread[1] or caterpillar track, is a system of vehicle propulsion in which a continuous band of treads is driven by two or more wheels.
Bulldozer. A working bulldozer from the First Tractor Company, on Xinbu Island, Hainan, China.
A bulldozer is a crawler (continuous tracked tractor) equipped with a substantial metal plate (known as a blade) used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or other such material during construction or conversion work and typically equipped at the rear with a claw-like device (known as a ripper) to loosen densely compacted materials.
Bulldozers can be found on a wide range of sites, mines and quarries, military bases, heavy industry factories, engineering projects and farms. Coping saw. A coping saw.
A coping saw consists of a thin, hardened steel blade, stretched between the ends of a square, c-shaped, springy-iron frame to which a handle is attached. The blade is easily removed from the frame so that the blade can be passed through a drilled hole in the middle of a piece of wood. The frame is then re-attached to the blade and the cut starts from the middle of the piece. Long cuts perpendicular to the edge of the material are possible but the shallow depth of the frame rather limits how far from the edge one may cut. The much deeper frame of the fretsaw is more useful for cutting well away from the edge but conversely cannot manage the thicker materials commonly cut by the coping saws.
Hacksaw. Junior hacksaw A panel hacksaw Design[edit] Blades[edit] Blades are available in standardized lengths, usually 10 or 12 inches for a standard hand hacksaw.
Abrasive blasting. Sandblasting a stone wall Diesel powered compressor used as an air supply for sandblasting.
Hot-melt adhesive. A hot glue gun loaded with a glue stick Hot melt adhesive (HMA), also known as hot glue, is a form of thermoplastic adhesive that is commonly supplied in solid cylindrical sticks of various diameters, designed to be melted in an electric hot glue gun. Nail gun. Pneumatic nail gun in use The first nail gun used air pressure and was introduced to the market in 1950 to speed the construction of housing floor sheathing and sub-floors. Tape measure. Plastic tape measure (metric) Self-retracting tape measure (imperial) Measuring tape capable of measuring down to 1⁄32 inch (0.79375 mm) Uses[edit] Tape measures that were intended for use in tailoring or dressmaking were made from flexible cloth or plastic.These types of tape measures or mainly used for the measuring of the human's waist line.
Today, measuring tapes made for sewing are made of fiberglass, which does not tear or stretch as easily. Screw. Screws come in a variety of shapes and sizes for different purposes. U.S. quarter coin (diameter 24 mm) shown for scale. A screw , or bolt , is a type of fastener characterized by a helical ridge, known as an external thread or just thread , wrapped around a cylinder. Some screw threads are designed to mate with a complementary thread, known as an internal thread , often in the form of a nut or an object that has the internal thread formed into it. Other screw threads are designed to cut a helical groove in a softer material as the screw is inserted. The most common uses of screws are to hold objects together and to position objects. Nut (hardware) A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole.
Nuts are almost always used opposite a mating bolt to fasten a stack of parts together. The two partners are kept together by a combination of their threads' friction, a slight stretch of the bolt, and compression of the parts. In applications where vibration or rotation may work a nut loose, various locking mechanisms may be employed: Adhesives, safety pins or lockwire, nylon inserts, or slightly oval-shaped threads. The most common shape is hexagonal, for similar reasons as the bolt head - 6 sides give a good granularity of angles for a tool to approach from (good in tight spots), but more (and smaller) corners would be vulnerable to being rounded off. Other specialized shapes exist for certain needs, such as wing nuts for finger adjustment and captive nuts for inaccessible areas. Pipe wrench. A modern pipe wrench. Monkey wrench. Hand-forged adjustable wrench. Saw. Scroll saw. Drill. Drill scheme History[edit] A wooden drill handle and other carpentry tools found on board the 16th century carrackMary Rose.
Screwdriver. Construction Equipment. Set square. Triangle, set square. Hammer. Wrench. A set of chrome-vanadium metric wrenches, open at one end, box/ring at the other. Jackhammer. Hard hat. Voted Top Construction Job Board: Construction Employment Opportunities, Construction Resumes, Engineering Jobs. Heavy equipment (construction)