Shingles. Synonyms: herpes zoster and varicella zoster Shingles is caused by the human herpesvirus-3 (HHV-3). Primary infection usually occurs in childhood, producing chickenpox (varicella) although it can be subclinical. After this the virus lies dormant in the sensory nervous system in the geniculate, trigeminal or dorsal root ganglia. It may lie dormant for many years or many decades, kept in check by the immune system before flaring up in a single dermatome segment.[1] When this happens, the virus travels down the affected nerve over a period of 3 to 4 days, causing perineural and intraneural inflammation along the way.
There is not always a clear reason for a flare-up but associations include ageing (most patients are over 50 years old), immunosuppressive illness, or psychological or physical trauma. At least 90% of children have been exposed to chickenpox before they are aged 16. Risk factors Pre-eruptive phase Eruptive phase The eruptive phase is when the skin lesions appear. Chronic phase. Glandular Fever. Glandular fever is a viral infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. This virus can be passed from person to person by close contact (especially kissing). It can possibly also be caught by sharing cups, toothbrushes, etc. It can take up to six weeks for the symptoms to develop after a person has first been infected with this virus. This is called the incubation period. Glandular fever can affect people of any age but is most common in young adults and teenagers. The immune system makes antibodies during the infection.
This then usually provides lifelong immunity. One or more of the following symptoms commonly occur for about a week or so. Sore throat. The symptoms caused by glandular fever are similar to symptoms due to various other viruses. Most people with glandular fever do not have complications or rare symptoms. Damaged spleen. Usually, no specific treatment is needed. Some studies have looked at the use of steroid medicines for people with glandular fever.
HIV/AIDS and Pregnancy. What is mother-to-child transmission? Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is when an HIV-positive mother passes the virus to her child during pregnancy, labour, delivery or breastfeeding. Each year around 1.5 million women living with HIV become pregnant, and without antiretroviral drugs (ARVs), there is a 15 to 45 percent chance that their child will also become infected. However, among mothers that take a regimen of ARVs for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT), the risk of HIV transmission can be reduced to less than 5 percent. How common is mother-to-child transmission today? Providing PMTCT information to mothers In 2011, around 330,000 children under the age of 15 became infected with HIV and an estimated 230,000 died from AIDS. Preventing mother-to-child transmission UNAIDS advocate four key strategies for preventing mother-to-child transmission: For more on these methods please visit our page on PMTCT in practice.
The challenges facing PMTCT Progress The way forward. HIV in Pregnancy, Management (Green-top 39) HIV treatments directory - The immune system and HIV. Patients experiences of Cancer: Bowel, breast, lung, prostate, testicular, cervical and other forms : Healthtalkonline. York Medical School/Seven HYMS Themes Teaching and Learning/Person centred Care/Documents/Word%2C PDF%2C RTF/1857759818%2883-99%2963943.pdf. Anaesthesia UK : Normal thermoregulation. The human body can essentially be seen as having two separate temperature compartments: 1) The core compartment, in which the temperature varies little from 37°C. 2) The peripheral compartment, which acts as a heat sink, absorbing or releasing thermal energy to maintain core normothermia. The temperature here varies widely between 36-28°C. The adult core comprises 66% of body mass and the periphery 34% of body mass, in a thermoneutral environment.
In neonates and infants, the core extends almost to the body surface and they have a very small peripheral compartment. This causes an accelerated heat loss because of an increased temperature gradient between the skin surface and the environment. Thermoregulation has three components: Afferent thermal sensing Central integration Efferent response Afferent thermal sensing 80% of input originates from core tissues, with the remainder coming from peripheral tissue. Brain Hypothalamus Spinal cord Deep thoracic and abdominal tissue Skin Effectors. HIV fusion inhibition. Introduction. Chemotherapy, Antiviral treatment, Antiviral durgs, Anti Viral Therapy. Vaccines have, to date, occupied the central position in attempts to control virus infections. Vaccines are relatively cheap and safe and the immunity is often lifelong. However, some viruses, for some reasons, are not fully amenable to this approach, such as influenza, retroviruses, herpesviruses, the slow viruses, rhinoviruses and arboviruses.
Obstacles to the use of vaccines include (1) multiplicity of serotypes e.g.. rhinoviruses, togaviruses (2) antigenic change e.g.. influenza, retroviruses and (3) Latent infections. Only relatively recently have notable successes on a large scale been achieved with antiviral drugs such as acyclovir and AZT, in situations where no vaccine is available.
However. acyclovir and AZT do not approach penicillin in their spectra of activity or degree of inhibition. They are more analogous to some of the first antibacterial agents such as salvarsan. A. The search for new antiviral compounds Resistance of viruses to inhibitors B. 1. 2. 3. 4. A. 5. 6. C. 1. Herpes Simplex Viruses: Cold Sores and Genital Herpes - The Naked Scientists 2006.02.15. The biology and medical manifestations of HSV-1 and HSV-2 Chris Smith Most people have heard of Shakespeare's 'Romeo and Juliet', and the majority know that it is a tragedy based on a love story, but you could probably be forgiven for missing the subtle reference it contains to one of mankind's most common infections: O'er ladies ' lips, who straight on kisses dream,Which oft the angry Mab with blisters plagues,Because their breaths with sweetmeats tainted are:Act 1.
Scene IV The blisters that Shakespeare refers to are in fact cold sores produced by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) which comes in 2 types, HSV-1 and HSV-2. Type 1 herpes is carried by over 80% of the population; it's the culprit responsible for causing recurrent cold sores, and most people pick it up in the first few years of life, usually in the form of a loving kiss from a parent or sibling. Shedding, and recurrent lesions, occur because once a person is infected with herpes they carry the virus for life. Prevention : York Medical School/Seven HYMS Themes Teaching and Learning/Clinical Sciences/Blood and immune system/Documents/Word%2C PDF%2C RTF/B9W3 wheaters acute inflamm.pdf. Boehringer Ingelheim HIV Website. Hepatitic C Life Cycle.