Electromyography (EMG) The action of nerves and muscle is essentially electrical. Information is transmitted along nerves as a series of electrical discharges carrying information in pulse repetition frequency. This may be in the range of 1 to 100 pulses/s. Contraction of muscle fibres is also associated with an electrical discharge which can be detected by measuring electrodes or brought about by electrical stimulation. EMG is most often used when people have symptoms of weakness, and examination shows impaired muscle strength. EMG equipment consists of recording electrodes, preamplifiers (which are normally placed very close to the patient to avoid pick-up of electrical interference), amplifiers to provide the correct gain, calibration and frequency characteristics, a display system (usually a CRT), a range of integrators and averagers - partly to achieve some data compression (chart records may be very long and difficult to read), and a recording medium, which is often a photographic (fibre-optic) system.
Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy - Netter Medical Images. Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy Image ID: 5482 Netter's NeurologyAuthor: H. Royden Jones, Jr., MD Chapter: Myopathies: Chronic Proximally Predominant or Generalized Weakness Page: 903 Netter's CardiologyAuthor: Marshall S. Runge, MD, PhD and Magnus E. Ohman, MD Chapter: Neuromuscular Diseases and the Heart Page: 518 If you can see this message, you need to update your Flash Player. ©2005–2012 Elsevier. B11W3 x linked inheritence of DMD.jpg (389×540) DMD Pathology. About muscular dystrophy | Muscular Dystrophy Campaign. Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy. The muscular dystrophies are a group of inherited disorders characterised by progressive muscle wasting and weakness, of which Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common. DMD is an X-linked recessive condition which presents in early childhood and inevitably progresses.
Some carriers also have symptoms. New mutations are common in DMD; this means that female relatives of a child with DMD are not necessarily carriers of the gene.[1] DMD affects about 1 in 3,500 newborn males.[2] DMD is caused by abnormalities of the dystrophin gene, which is responsible for a cytoskeletal protein named dystrophin, located in muscle fibres. There is progressive proximal muscular dystrophy with characteristic pseudohypertrophy of the calves. Non-locomotor presenting symptoms: Patients with suspected DMD The initial investigation is serum CK: In DMD the CK level is very high (10-100 x normal from birth).A normal CK at presentation excludes DMD. Possible carriers of the gene Management in later stages. Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy Overview Video. Stop child abuse - support the children’s charity - the NSPCC. American Academy of Pediatrics - Member Center. Bliss - for babies born too soon, too small, too sick. NHS Newborn Hearing Screening Programme Home Page.
Premature infant: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. A premature infant is a baby born before 37 completed weeks of gestation (more than 3 weeks before the "due date"). Causes At birth, a baby is classified as one of the following: Premature (less than 37 weeks gestation)Full term (37 to 42 weeks gestation)Post term (born after 42 weeks gestation) If a woman goes into labor before 37 weeks, it is called preterm labor. "Late preterm" babies who are born between 35 and 37 weeks gestation may not look premature. Health conditions in the mother, such as diabetes, heart disease, and kidney disease, may contribute to preterm labor. Different pregnancy-related problems increase the risk of preterm labor or early delivery: Other factors that increase the risk for preterm labor and a premature delivery include: Age of the mother (mothers who are younger than 16 or older than 35)Being African-AmericanLack of prenatal careLow socioeconomic statusUse of tobacco, cocaine, or amphetamines Symptoms Exams and Tests Treatment If the infant has breathing problems:
Your Baby, Jaundice and Phototherapy. Your Baby, Jaundice, and Phototherapy What is Jaundice? Jaundice is a common, temporary. and usually harmless condition in newborn infants. It affects both full-term and premature babies, usually appearing during the first week of the baby's life. Jaundice occurs when there is a build-up of a naturally occurring substance in the blood called bilirubin . Bilirubin is an orange/red pigment in the blood. What are the Causes of Jaundice? Jaundice can be caused by several different problems: Physiological jaundice: This is the most common cause of newborn jaundice and occurs in more than 50% of babies. What is the Treatment? High levels of bilirubin can occur in the blood called hyperbilirubinemia. What is Phototherapy? Some “normal” jaundice will disappear within a week or two without treatment. Phototherapy (light treatment) is the process of using light to eliminate bilirubin in the blood.
Are there Side Effects of Using Phototherapy? What is the BiliBlanket? Can my baby sleep on a biliblanket? International Child Health Review Collaboration. Neonatal Jaundice. Jaundice is clinically detectable in the newborn when the serum bilirubin levels are greater than 85 μmol/L. This occurs in approximately 60% of term infants and 80% of preterm infants. Hyperbilirubinaemia is either unconjugated (which is potentially toxic but may be physiological or pathological) or conjugated (not toxic but always pathological). Without treatment, high levels of unconjugated bilirubin may lead to kernicterus. Approximately 60% of term and 80% of preterm babies develop jaundice in the first week of life, and about 10% of breast-fed babies are still jaundiced at 1 month of age.[1] Risk factors The risk of developing significant neonatal jaundice is increased in: Low birth weight: premature and small for dates.Breast-fed babies.A previous sibling with neonatal jaundice requiring phototherapy.Visible jaundice in the first 24 hours.Infants of mothers who have diabetes.Male infants.East Asians.Populations living at high altitudes.
Prolonged jaundice[1] York Medical School/Seven HYMS Themes Teaching and Learning/Population Health/Documents/Word%2C PDF%2C RTF/0952-2271_99_5160%28890-891%2963866.pdf. UK Screening Portal Home Page. Mmon childhood illnesses - Children's health: Surgery Door. Child and adolescent mental health - a guide for healthcare professionals. Intrauterine Growth Restriction. Synonyms: IUGR, fetal growth restriction, FGR Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a condition where a baby's growth slows or ceases when it is in the uterus. It is part of a wider group - small for gestational age (SGA) fetuses - which includes fetuses that have failed to achieve their growth potential and fetuses that are constitutionally small. Approximately 50-70% of fetuses with a birth weight below the tenth centile for gestational age are constitutionally small. The lower the centile for defining SGA, the greater the likelihood of IUGR.
There is increased risk of: Intrapartum fetal distressIntrapartum asphyxiaPostnatal hypoglycaemia or hypocalcaemia neonatal complicationsImpaired neurodevelopmentMeconium aspirationIntrauterine deathPossibly type 2 (non insulin-dependent) diabetes and hypertension in adult life The risk assessment must always be individualised and take into account the previous medical and obstetric history and current pregnancy history. Major risk factors. York Medical School/Phase One Plenaries/2010-11/Block 11/Week 3/Seasonal influenza vaccine 2010.pdf.
York Medical School/Phase One Plenaries/2010-11/Block 11/Week 3/SSRIs 2010.pdf. York Medical School/Phase One Plenaries/2010-11/Block 11/Week 3/Migraine 2010.pdf. York Medical School/Phase One Plenaries/2010-11/Block 11/Week 3/Amitriptyline 2010.pdf. More Programs In Birth Defects. Postnatal Care (Puerperium) oPatientPlus articles are written by UK doctors and are based on research evidence, UK and European Guidelines. They are designed for health professionals to use, so you may find the language more technical than the condition leaflets. The puerperium covers the 6-week period following birth, during which time the various changes that occurred during pregnancy revert to the non-pregnant state. Physiological changes during this time include: The cardiovascular system reverts to normal during the first 2 weeks. The extra load on the heart from extra volume of blood disappears by the second week.The vaginal wall is initially swollen, bluish and pouting but rapidly regains its tone, although remaining fragile for 1-2 weeks.
Perineal oedema may persist for some days.After delivery of the placenta, the uterus is at the size of 20-week pregnancy, but reduces in size on abdominal examination by 1 finger-breadth each day, such that on the 12th day it cannot be palpated. Postnatal care. Fast, easy summary view of NICE guidance on 'postnatal care' The NICE clinical guideline on postnatal care covers the core care that every healthy woman and healthy baby should be offered during the first 6-8 weeks after the birth. Although for most women and babies the postnatal period is uncomplicated, care during this period needs to address any deviation from expected recovery after birth.
This guideline gives advice on when additional care may be needed. Responsibility for undertaking a review of this guidance at the designated review date has passed to the National Clinical Guidelines Centre for Acute and Chronic Conditions (NCGCACC). The National Collaborating Centre for Primary Care is no longer active. Other information CG37 Postnatal care: NICE guideline (web format) NICE Pathways This guidance has been incorporated into the following NICE Pathways, along with other related guidance and products.
Visit the NICE Pathway: postnatal care Background information This page was last updated: